1. 名词（代词）+现在分词

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。

The man lay there, his hands trembling.

那人躺在那里，双手颤抖。

So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

这么多学生缺席，会议不得不推迟。

His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.

汤姆做完家庭作业就睡去了。

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。

2. 名词（代词）+过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。

The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。

The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.

男孩仰卧着，双手交叉放在头下。

The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.

工作没做完，我们不能去看电影。

Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

她的衬衫被钉子钩住了，她动不了。

后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。

3. 名词（代词）+不定式

不定式表示的是将来的动作。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。

He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

他建议去野餐，玛丽提供食物。

These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.

这是头两本书，下个月出版第三本。

We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.

我们将在7:30集合，游戏将在8点整开始行进。

4. 名词（代词）+介词短语

介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。

The teacher came in, a book under his arm.

老师进来了，腋下夹着一本书。

The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand．

猎人手里拿着枪进入森林。

Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.

家里没人，小偷拿走了很多东西。

5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词

形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。

副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

The meeting over, we all went home.

会议结束了，我们都回家了。

Nobody in, he left a message on the board.

没人进去，他在黑板上留言了。

He sat at the table, head down. 他低着头坐在桌边。

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。

6. There being +名词（代词）

一般表示原因：

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

7. It being +名词（代词）

一般表示原因：

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

8. 名词/代词+名词

名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。

Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. 许多人参加了这项工作，其中一些是妇女和儿童。

He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 他与老虎搏斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。

9.with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构（有人描述成：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。）

A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.

一位妇女抱着一个婴儿上了公共汽车。

The teacher came in with several students following behind.

老师进来了，后面跟着几个学生。

With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.

有很多事情要处理，他会有困难的。

With the work done, he went out to eat. 工作做完后，他出去吃饭。

He left the office with the lights on. 他开着灯离开了办公室。

Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.

玛丽冲出家门，家门就那样开着。

Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。

He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。

She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。

He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。