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一文学会MySQL的explain工具

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前言:

而今各位老铁们对“mysqlexplainref”大体比较注意,各位老铁们都想要学习一些“mysqlexplainref”的相关知识。那么小编在网络上收集了一些对于“mysqlexplainref””的相关文章,希望朋友们能喜欢,你们一起来了解一下吧!

开篇说明#

(1) 本文将细致介绍MySQL的explain工具,是下一篇《一文读懂MySQL的索引机制及查询优化》的准备篇。

(2) 本文主要基于MySQL5.7版本(),MySQL8.x版本可另行翻阅对应版本文档()。

(3) 演示过程中的建库、建表、建索引等语句仅为了测试explain工具的使用,并未考虑实际应用场景的合理性。

explain工具介绍#

相关文档:

EXPLAIN is used to obtain a query execution plan (that is, an explanation of how MySQL would execute a query).

简单翻译一下,就是explain用于获取查询执行计划(即MySQL是如何执行一个查询的)。

工作中,我们会遇到慢查询,这个时候我们就可以在select语句之前增加explain关键字,模拟MySQL优化器执行SQL语句,从而分析该SQL语句有没有用上索引、是否全表扫描、能否进一步优化等。

还是来个快速入门的案例比较直观,依次在mysql的命令行执行下面几条语句(建库、建表sql脚本见下面的数据准备部分):

Copymysql> use `explain_test`;mysql> select * from tb_hero where hero_name = '李寻欢' and book_id = 1;mysql> explain select * from tb_hero where hero_name = '李寻欢' and book_id = 1;mysql> show warnings \G

得到下面的输出:

Copymysql> use `explain_test`;Database changedmysql> select * from tb_hero where hero_name = '李寻欢' and book_id = 1;+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+| hero_id | hero_name | skill        | book_id |+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+|       1 | 李寻欢    | 小李飞刀     |       1 |+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select * from tb_hero where hero_name = '李寻欢' and book_id = 1;+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys         | key                   | key_len | ref         | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero | NULL       | ref  | idx_book_id_hero_name | idx_book_id_hero_name | 136     | const,const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> show warnings \G*************************** 1. row ***************************  Level: Note   Code: 1003Message: /* select#1 */ select `explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`hero_id` AS `hero_id`,`explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`hero_name` AS `hero_name`,`explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`skill` AS `skill`,`explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`book_id` AS `book_id` from `explain_test`.`tb_hero` where ((`explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`book_id` = 1) and (`explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`hero_name` = '李寻欢'))1 row in set (0.00 sec)

先别急explain语句输出结果每一列表示什么意思(后面会具体描述),用show warnings命令可以得到优化后的查询语句大致长什么样子。

补充:

有关show warnings更详细的使用见有关获取explain额外的输出信息见

原SQL语句:

Copyselect * from tb_hero where hero_name = '李寻欢' and book_id = 1;

优化后的SQL语句:

Copyselect `explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`hero_id`   AS `hero_id`,       `explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`hero_name` AS `hero_name`,       `explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`skill`     AS `skill`,       `explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`book_id`   AS `book_id`from `explain_test`.`tb_hero`where ((`explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`book_id` = 1) and (`explain_test`.`tb_hero`.`hero_name` = '李寻欢'))

可以看出,MySQL优化器把*优化成具体的列名,另外把我where中的两个过滤条件hero_name、book_id先后顺序调换了一下,这种顺序调换是概率性事件还是另有文章?

(哈哈哈,(●´ω`●)留个悬念,本篇仅介绍explain工具,读了下篇《一文读懂MySQL的索引机制及查询优化》后自然豁然开朗)

数据准备#

为了方便演示explain工具的使用以及输出结果的含义,准备了一些测试数据,初始化sql脚本如下:

Copy-- ------------------------------  create database-- ----------------------------DROP database IF EXISTS `explain_test`;create database `explain_test` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;-- switch databaseuse `explain_test`;-- ------------------------------  table structure for `tb_book`-- ----------------------------DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tb_book`;CREATE TABLE `tb_book` (  `book_id` int(11) NOT NULL,  `book_name` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,  `author` varchar(32) DEFAULT NULL,  PRIMARY KEY (`book_id`),  UNIQUE KEY `uk_book_name` (`book_name`) USING BTREE,  INDEX `idx_author` (`author`) USING BTREE);BEGIN;INSERT INTO `tb_book`(`book_id`, `book_name`, `author`) VALUES (1, '多情剑客无情剑', '古龙');INSERT INTO `tb_book`(`book_id`, `book_name`, `author`) VALUES (2, '笑傲江湖', '金庸');INSERT INTO `tb_book`(`book_id`, `book_name`, `author`) VALUES (3, '倚天屠龙记', '金庸');INSERT INTO `tb_book`(`book_id`, `book_name`, `author`) VALUES (4, '射雕英雄传', '金庸');INSERT INTO `tb_book`(`book_id`, `book_name`, `author`) VALUES (5, '绝代双骄', '古龙');COMMIT;-- ------------------------------  table structure for `tb_hero`-- ----------------------------DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tb_hero`;CREATE TABLE `tb_hero` (  `hero_id` int(11) NOT NULL,  `hero_name` varchar(32) DEFAULT NULL,  `skill` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,  `book_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,  PRIMARY KEY (`hero_id`),  INDEX `idx_book_id_hero_name`(`book_id`, `hero_name`) USING BTREE);BEGIN;INSERT INTO `tb_hero`(`hero_id`, `hero_name`, `skill`, `book_id`) VALUES (1, '李寻欢', '小李飞刀', 1);INSERT INTO `tb_hero`(`hero_id`, `hero_name`, `skill`, `book_id`) VALUES (2, '令狐冲', '独孤九剑', 2);INSERT INTO `tb_hero`(`hero_id`, `hero_name`, `skill`, `book_id`) VALUES (3, '张无忌', '九阳神功', 3);INSERT INTO `tb_hero`(`hero_id`, `hero_name`, `skill`, `book_id`) VALUES (4, '郭靖', '降龙十八掌', 4);INSERT INTO `tb_hero`(`hero_id`, `hero_name`, `skill`, `book_id`) VALUES (5, '花无缺', '移花接玉', 5);INSERT INTO `tb_hero`(`hero_id`, `hero_name`, `skill`, `book_id`) VALUES (6, '任我行', '吸星大法', 2);COMMIT;-- ------------------------------  Table structure for `tb_book_hero`-- ----------------------------DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tb_book_hero`;CREATE TABLE `tb_book_hero` (  `book_id` int(11) NOT NULL,  `hero_id` int(11) NOT NULL,  `user_comment` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,  PRIMARY KEY (`book_id`, `hero_id`) USING BTREE) ENGINE = InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;BEGIN;INSERT INTO `tb_book_hero`(`book_id`, `hero_id`, `user_comment`) VALUES (1, 1, '小李飞刀,例无虚发,夺魂索命,弹指之间');INSERT INTO `tb_book_hero`(`book_id`, `hero_id`, `user_comment`) VALUES (2, 2, '令狐少侠留步!');INSERT INTO `tb_book_hero`(`book_id`, `hero_id`, `user_comment`) VALUES (3, 3, '尝遍世间善恶,归来仍是少年');INSERT INTO `tb_book_hero`(`book_id`, `hero_id`, `user_comment`) VALUES (4, 4, '我只要我的靖哥哥!');INSERT INTO `tb_book_hero`(`book_id`, `hero_id`, `user_comment`) VALUES (5, 5, '风采儒雅亦坦荡,武艺精深兼明智。');INSERT INTO `tb_book_hero`(`book_id`, `hero_id`, `user_comment`) VALUES (2, 6, '有人就有恩怨,有恩怨就有江湖,人心即是江湖,你如何退出!');COMMIT;
explain的输出结果#

相关文档:

看一下官方文档显示的关于explain输出结果列(explain output columns)的含义:

ColumnJSON NameMeaningidselect_idThe SELECT identifierselect_typeNoneThe SELECT typetabletable_nameThe table for the output rowpartitionspartitionsThe matching partitionstypeaccess_typeThe join typepossible_keyspossible_keysThe possible indexes to choosekeykeyThe index actually chosenkey_lenkey_lengthThe length of the chosen keyrefrefThe columns compared to the indexrowsrowsEstimate of rows to be examinedfilteredfilteredPercentage of rows filtered by table conditionExtraNoneAdditional information

其中JSON Name指的是当设定FORMAT=JSON时,列名在json中显示的name,见下面的演示就明白了

Copymysql> explain select * from tb_book \G*************************** 1. row ***************************           id: 1  select_type: SIMPLE        table: tb_book   partitions: NULL         type: ALLpossible_keys: NULL          key: NULL      key_len: NULL          ref: NULL         rows: 5     filtered: 100.00        Extra: NULL1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> explain FORMAT=JSON select * from tb_book \G*************************** 1. row ***************************EXPLAIN: {  "query_block": {    "select_id": 1,    "cost_info": {      "query_cost": "2.00"    },    "table": {      "table_name": "tb_book",      "access_type": "ALL",      "rows_examined_per_scan": 5,      "rows_produced_per_join": 5,      "filtered": "100.00",      "cost_info": {        "read_cost": "1.00",        "eval_cost": "1.00",        "prefix_cost": "2.00",        "data_read_per_join": "1K"      },      "used_columns": [        "book_id",        "book_name",        "author"      ]    }  }}1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

下面重点看一下比较重要的几个字段。

id列#

id是select的唯一标识,有几个select就有几个id,并且id的顺序是按select出现的顺序增长的,id值越大执行优先级越高,id相同则从上往下执行,id为NULL最后执行。

为了验证上面的结论,临时关闭mysql5.7对子查询(sub queries)产生的衍生表(derived tables)的合并优化

Copyset session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=off';

详情见:

Copymysql> set session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=off';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select (select count(1) from tb_book) as book_count, (select count(1) from tb_hero) as hero_count from (select * from tb_book_hero) as book_hero;+------------+------------+| book_count | hero_count |+------------+------------+|          5 |          6 ||          5 |          6 ||          5 |          6 ||          5 |          6 ||          5 |          6 ||          5 |          6 |+------------+------------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select (select count(1) from tb_book) as book_count, (select count(1) from tb_hero) as hero_count from (select * from tb_book_hero) as book_hero;+----+-------------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table        | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key                   | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived4>   | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL                  | NULL    | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | NULL        ||  4 | DERIVED     | tb_book_hero | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL                  | NULL    | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | NULL        ||  3 | SUBQUERY    | tb_hero      | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_book_id_hero_name | 136     | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | Using index ||  2 | SUBQUERY    | tb_book      | NULL       | index | NULL          | uk_book_name          | 259     | NULL |    5 |   100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+4 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> set session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=on';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

可见,查询语句中有4个select,先执行的是select * from tb_book_hero,然后执行select count(1) from tb_hero,再执行select count(1) from tb_book,最后执行select book_count, hero_count from book_hero

select_type列#

select_type表示的是查询类型,常见的包括SIMPLE、PRIMARY、SUBQUERY、DERIVED、UNION

(1) SIMPLE:简单查询(不包含子查询和UNION查询)

Copymysql> explain select * from tb_book where book_id = 1;+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book | NULL       | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(2) PRIMARY:复杂查询中最外层的查询

(3) SUBQUERY:包含在select中的子查询(不在from子句中)

(4) DERIVED:包含在from子句中的子查询,MySQL会将结果存放在一个临时表中,也称为派生表(derived tables)

这3种select_type见下面的例子

Copymysql> set session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=off';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select (select count(1) from tb_book) as book_count from (select * from tb_book_hero) as book_hero;+----+-------------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table        | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived3>   | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL         | NULL    | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | NULL        ||  3 | DERIVED     | tb_book_hero | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL         | NULL    | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | NULL        ||  2 | SUBQUERY    | tb_book      | NULL       | index | NULL          | uk_book_name | 259     | NULL |    5 |   100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> set session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=on';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

(5) UNION:在UNION中的第二个和随后的select

Copymysql> select * from tb_book where book_id = 1 union all select * from tb_book where book_name = '笑傲江湖';+---------+-----------------------+--------+| book_id | book_name             | author |+---------+-----------------------+--------+|       1 | 多情剑客无情剑        | 古龙   ||       2 | 笑傲江湖              | 金庸   |+---------+-----------------------+--------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select * from tb_book where book_id = 1 union all select * from tb_book where book_name = '笑傲江湖';+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | PRIMARY     | tb_book | NULL       | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY      | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  ||  2 | UNION       | tb_book | NULL       | const | uk_book_name  | uk_book_name | 259     | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
table列#

table表示查询涉及的表或衍生表。

常见table列是<derivenN>格式,表示当前查询依赖id=N的查询,需先执行id=N的查询。上面含select_type为DERIVED的查询就是这种情况,这里不再重复举例。

type列#

相关文档:

type列是判断查询是否高效的重要依据,我们可以通过type字段的值,判断此次查询是全表扫描还是索引扫描等,进而进一步优化查询。

一般来说表示查询性能最优到最差依次为:NULL > system > const > eq_ref > ref > range > index > ALL

前面的几种类型都是利用到了索引来查询数据, 因此可以过滤部分或大部分数据, 查询效率自然就比较高了。

而后面的index类型的查询虽然不是全表扫描, 但是它扫描了所有的索引, 因此比ALL类型稍快。

所以,应当尽可能地保证查询达到range级别,最好达到ref。

(0) NULL: 不用访问表或者索引,直接就能得到结果,如:在索引列中选取最大值,执行时不需要再访问表

Copymysql> explain select max(book_id) from tb_book;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                        |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL       | NULL | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | Select tables optimized away |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(1) system:The table has only one row. This is a special case of the const join type.

当查询的表只有一行的情况下,system是const类型的特例,

(2) const:It is used when you compare all parts of a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE index to constant values.

针对主键或唯一索引的等值查询扫描, 最多只返回一行数据。const查询速度非常快, 因为它仅仅读取一次即可。

关于type列为system、const的情况,见下面的示例:

Copymysql> set session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=off';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select * from (select * from tb_book where book_id = 5) as book;+----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table      | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | NULL       | system | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  ||  2 | DERIVED     | tb_book    | NULL       | const  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> set session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=on';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

(3) eq_ref:It is used when all parts of an index are used by the join and the index is a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE NOT NULL index.

此类型通常出现在多表的join查询,表示对于前表的每一个结果,都只能匹配到后表的一行结果,并且查询的比较操作通常是=,查询效率较高。

Copymysql> select tb_hero.*, tb_book_hero.user_comment from tb_book_hero, tb_hero where tb_book_hero.book_id = 2 and tb_book_hero.hero_id = tb_hero.hero_id;+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| hero_id | hero_name | skill        | book_id | user_comment                                                                         |+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+|       2 | 令狐冲    | 独孤九剑     |       2 | 令狐少侠留步!                                                                        ||       6 | 任我行    | 吸星大法     |       2 | 有人就有恩怨,有恩怨就有江湖,人心即是江湖,你如何退出!                             |+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select tb_hero.*, tb_book_hero.user_comment from tb_book_hero, tb_hero where tb_book_hero.book_id = 2 and tb_book_hero.hero_id = tb_hero.hero_id;+----+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------------------------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table        | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref                               | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------------------------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book_hero | NULL       | ref    | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const                             |    2 |   100.00 | NULL  ||  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero      | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | explain_test.tb_book_hero.hero_id |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------------------------+------+----------+-------+2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> select tb_hero.*, tb_book_hero.user_comment from tb_book_hero join tb_hero on tb_book_hero.book_id = 2 and tb_book_hero.hero_id = tb_hero.hero_id;+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| hero_id | hero_name | skill        | book_id | user_comment                                                                         |+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+|       2 | 令狐冲    | 独孤九剑     |       2 | 令狐少侠留步!                                                                        ||       6 | 任我行    | 吸星大法     |       2 | 有人就有恩怨,有恩怨就有江湖,人心即是江湖,你如何退出!                             |+---------+-----------+--------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select tb_hero.*, tb_book_hero.user_comment from tb_book_hero join tb_hero on tb_book_hero.book_id = 2 and tb_book_hero.hero_id = tb_hero.hero_id;+----+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------------------------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table        | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref                               | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------------------------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book_hero | NULL       | ref    | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const                             |    2 |   100.00 | NULL  ||  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero      | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | explain_test.tb_book_hero.hero_id |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------------------------+------+----------+-------+2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(4) ref: It is used if the join uses only a leftmost prefix of the key or if the key is not a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE index (in other words, if the join cannot select a single row based on the key value).

相比eq_ref,不使用唯一索引,而是使用普通索引或者唯一性索引的最左前缀,可能会找到多个符合条件的行。

简单的select查询,author列上建有普通索引(非唯一索引)

Copymysql> explain select * from tb_book where author = '古龙';+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key        | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book | NULL       | ref  | idx_author    | idx_author | 131     | const |    2 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
关联表查询,tb_book_hero表使用了联合主键PRIMARY KEY (book_id, hero_id),这里使用到了左边前缀book_id进行过滤。
Copymysql> explain select * from tb_book_hero where book_id = 3;+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table        | partitions | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book_hero | NULL       | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(5) range: It can be used when a key column is compared to a constant using any of the =, <>, >, >=, <, <=, IS NULL, <=>, BETWEEN, LIKE, or IN() operators

扫描部分索引(范围扫描),对索引的扫描开始于某一点,返回匹配值域的行,常见于between、<、>、in等查询

Copymysql> explain select * from tb_book where book_id > 3;+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |    2 |   100.00 | Using where |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(6) index:the index tree is scanned, MySQL can use this type when the query uses only columns that are part of a single index.

表示全索引扫描(full index scan), 和ALL类型类似, 只不过ALL类型是全表扫描, 而index类型则仅仅扫描所有的索引, 而不扫描数据.

Copymysql> explain select book_name from tb_book;+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book | NULL       | index | NULL          | uk_book_name | 259     | NULL |    5 |   100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

上面的例子中, 我们查询的book_name字段上恰好有索引, 因此我们直接从索引中获取数据就可以满足查询的需求了, 而不需要查询表中的数据。因此这样的情况下, type的值是index, 并且Extra的值大多是Using index。

(7) ALL: A full table scan is done

表示全表扫描, 这个类型的查询是性能最差的查询之一。通常来说, 我们的查询不应该出现ALL类型的查询, 因为这样的查询在数据量大的情况下, 严重降低数据库的性能。如果一个查询是ALL类型查询, 那么大多可以对相应的字段添加索引来避免。

Copymysql> explain select * from tb_hero where hero_name = '令狐冲';+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    6 |    16.67 | Using where |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
possible_keys列#

表示MySQL在查询时, 能够使用到的索引。注意, 即使有些索引在possible_keys中出现, 但是并不表示此索引会真正地被MySQL使用到。MySQL在查询时具体使用了哪些索引, 由key字段决定。

key列#

这一列显示mysql实际采用哪个索引来优化对该表的访问。如果没有使用索引,则该列是NULL。

key_len列#

表示查询优化器使用了索引的字节数,这个字段可以评估联合索引是否完全被使用, 或只有最左部分字段被使用到。

举例来说,tb_hero表的联合索引idx_book_id_hero_name由book_id和hero_name两个列组成,int类型占4字节,另外如果字段允许为NULL,需要1字节记录是否为NULL,通过结果中的key_len=5(tb_hero.book_id允许为NULL)可推断出查询使用了第一个列book_id列来执行索引查找;再拿tb_book_hero表联合主键PRIMARY KEY (book_id, hero_id)举例,通过key_len=4(tb_book_hero.book_id不允许为NULL)可推断出查询使用了第一个列book_id列来执行索引查找

Copymysql> explain select * from tb_hero where book_id = 2;+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys         | key                   | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero | NULL       | ref  | idx_book_id_hero_name | idx_book_id_hero_name | 5       | const |    2 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select * from tb_book_hero where book_id = 2;+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table        | partitions | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book_hero | NULL       | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    2 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

key_len的计算规则如下:

字符串:char(n): n字节长度varchar(n): 如果是utf8编码, 则是3n + 2字节; 如果是utf8mb4编码, 则是4n + 2字节.数值类型:TINYINT: 1字节SMALLINT: 2字节MEDIUMINT: 3字节INT: 4字节BIGINT: 8字节时间类型DATE: 3字节TIMESTAMP: 4字节DATETIME: 8字节字段属性:NULL属性占用一个字节如果一个字段是NOT NULL的, 则没有此属性

再看下面的计算:

4 [book_id是int类型] + 1 [book_id允许为NULL] + (4 * 32 + 2) [hero_name是varchar32,且用的是utf8mb4编码] + 1 [hero_name允许为NULL] = 136

Copymysql> explain select * from tb_hero where book_id = 2 and hero_name = '令狐冲';+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys         | key                   | key_len | ref         | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero | NULL       | ref  | idx_book_id_hero_name | idx_book_id_hero_name | 136     | const,const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
ref列#

The ref column shows which columns or constants are compared to the index named in the key column to select rows from the table.

显示的是哪个字段或常数与key一起被使用

rows列#

MySQL查询优化器根据统计信息, 估算SQL要查找到结果集需要扫描读取的数据行数,注意这个不是结果集里的行数。这个值非常直观显示SQL的效率好坏, 原则上rows越少越好。

Extra列#

这一列展示的是额外信息。常见的重要值如下:

(1) Using index

表示查询在索引树中就可查到所需数据, 不用扫描表数据文件

Copymysql> explain select hero_id from tb_book_hero where book_id = 2;+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table        | partitions | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book_hero | NULL       | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    2 |   100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+--------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)mysql> explain select book_id  from tb_book where author = '金庸';+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key        | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book | NULL       | ref  | idx_author    | idx_author | 131     | const |    3 |   100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(2) Using where

查询的列没有全部被索引覆盖

Copymysql> explain select book_id, book_name from tb_book where author = '金庸';+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book | NULL       | ALL  | idx_author    | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    5 |    60.00 | Using where |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(3) Using temporary

查询有使用临时表,一般出现于排序、分组、多表join、distinct查询等等。

举例子如下:tb_book表对book_name字段建立了唯一性索引,这时候distinct查询Extra列为Using index; tb_hero表的skill字段上没有任何索引,这时候distinct查询Extra列为Using temporary

Copymysql> select distinct book_name from tb_book;+-----------------------+| book_name             |+-----------------------+| 倚天屠龙记            || 多情剑客无情剑        || 射雕英雄传            || 笑傲江湖              || 绝代双骄              |+-----------------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select distinct book_name from tb_book;+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_book | NULL       | index | uk_book_name  | uk_book_name | 259     | NULL |    5 |   100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> select distinct skill from tb_hero;+-----------------+| skill           |+-----------------+| 小李飞刀        || 独孤九剑        || 九阳神功        || 降龙十八掌      || 移花接玉        || 吸星大法        |+-----------------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select distinct skill from tb_hero;+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra           |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | Using temporary |+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

(4) Using filesort

表示MySQL不能通过索引顺序达到排序效果,需额外的排序操作,数据较小时在内存排序,否则需要在磁盘完成排序。这种情况下一般也是要考虑使用索引来优化的。

Copymysql> explain select book_id, hero_name from tb_hero order by hero_name;+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key                   | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_book_id_hero_name | 136     | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> explain select book_id, hero_name from tb_hero order by book_id, hero_name;+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table   | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key                   | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | tb_hero | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_book_id_hero_name | 136     | NULL |    6 |   100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

tb_hero表上有联合索引INDEX idx_book_id_hero_name(book_id, hero_name) USING BTREE

但是order by hero_name, 不能使用索引进行优化(下一篇博客会介绍联合索引的结构), 进而会产生Using filesort

如果将排序依据改为order by book_id, hero_name, 就不会出现Using filesort了。

(5) Select tables optimized away

比如下面的例子:

Copymysql> explain select min(book_id), max(book_id) from tb_book;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                        |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL       | NULL | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | Select tables optimized away |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

作者: 行无际

原文地址:

标签: #mysqlexplainref #mysql中switch #mysqlsub