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逢年过节就拿出这些代码,Python 制作一个炫酷烟花秀

Python可乐 1452

前言:

此刻各位老铁们对“透明度的代码”可能比较重视,同学们都想要知道一些“透明度的代码”的相关资讯。那么小编在网络上搜集了一些有关“透明度的代码””的相关知识,希望我们能喜欢,同学们快快来了解一下吧!

今天是2021 的最后一天,到了这个时间点,部分小伙伴已经开始复盘这一年的得与失。比如今年增加了多少技能点,看了多少本书,写了多少篇文章或者年前的小目标实现进度大概多少等等;做一个象征性的年终总结来告别2021,迎接2022:

本篇文章,带大家用 Python 制作一个炫酷烟花秀,来迎接即将到来的元旦佳节。开始之前先看一下最终效果

环境介绍:

语言:Python;

库:Pygame;

原理介绍

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在介绍代码之前,先介绍下 Pygame 绘制烟花的基本原理,烟花从发射到绽放一共分为三个阶段:

1, 发射阶段 :在这一阶段烟花的形状是线性向上,通过设定一组大小不同、颜色不同的点来模拟“向上发射” 的运动运动,运动过程中 5个点被赋予不同大小的加速度,随着时间推移,后面的点会赶上前面的点,最终所有点会汇聚在一起,处于 绽放准备阶段

2, 烟花绽放 :烟花绽放这个阶段,是由一个点分散多个点向不同方向发散,并且每个点的移动轨迹可需要被记录,目的是为了追踪整个绽放轨迹。

3, 烟花凋零 ,此阶段负责描绘绽放后烟花的效果,绽放后的烟花,而在每一时刻点的下降速度和亮度(代码中也叫透明度)是不一样的,因此在代码里,将烟花绽放后将每个点赋予两个属性:分别为重力向量和生命周期,来模拟烟花在不同时期时不同的展现效果,

代码实操

代码部分将烟花封装为三个类:

Firework : 烟花整体;

Particle : 烟花粒子(包含轨迹)

Trail : 烟花轨迹,本质上是一个点 。

三个类之间的关系为:一个Firework 由多个 Particle 构成,而一个 Particle 由多个 Trail 构成

首先设置全局变量,例如重力向量,窗口大小,Trail 的颜色列表(多为灰色或白色)以及不同状态下 Trail 之间间隔

gravity = vector(0, 0.3)DISPLAY_WIDTH = DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 800trail_colours = [(45, 45, 45), (60, 60, 60), (75, 75, 75), (125, 125, 125), (150, 150, 150)]dynamic_offset = 1static_offset = 3

创建 Trail 类,定义 show 方法绘制轨迹 、get_pos 实时获取轨迹坐标

class Trail:    def __init__(self, n, size, dynamic):        self.pos_in_line = n        self.pos = vector(-10, -10)        self.dynamic = dynamic        if self.dynamic:            self.colour = trail_colours[n]            self.size = int(size - n / 2)        else:            self.colour = (255, 255, 200)            self.size = size - 2            if self.size < 0:                self.size = 0    def get_pos(self, x, y):        self.pos = vector(x, y)    def show(self, win):        pygame.draw.circle(win, self.colour, (int(self.pos.x), int(self.pos.y)), self.size)

Particle 类核心代码

class Particle:    def __init__(self, x, y, firework, colour):        self.firework = firework        self.pos = vector(x, y)        self.origin = vector(x, y)        self.radius = 20        self.remove = False        self.explosion_radius = randint(5, 18)        self.life = 0        self.acc = vector(0, 0)        # trail variables        self.trails = []  # stores the particles trail objects        self.prev_posx = [-10] * 10  # stores the 10 last positions        self.prev_posy = [-10] * 10  # stores the 10 last positions        if self.firework:            self.vel = vector(0, -randint(17, 20))            self.size = 5            self.colour = colour            for i in range(5):                self.trails.append(Trail(i, self.size, True))        else:            self.vel = vector(uniform(-1, 1), uniform(-1, 1))            self.vel.x *= randint(7, self.explosion_radius + 2)            self.vel.y *= randint(7, self.explosion_radius + 2)            # 向量            self.size = randint(2, 4)            self.colour = choice(colour)            # 5 个 tails总计            for i in range(5):                self.trails.append(Trail(i, self.size, False))    def apply_force(self, force):        self.acc += force    def move(self):        if not self.firework:            self.vel.x *= 0.8            self.vel.y *= 0.8        self.vel += self.acc        self.pos += self.vel        self.acc *= 0        if self.life == 0 and not self.firework:  # check if particle is outside explosion radius            distance = math.sqrt((self.pos.x - self.origin.x) ** 2 + (self.pos.y - self.origin.y) ** 2)            if distance > self.explosion_radius:                self.remove = True        self.decay()        self.trail_update()        self.life += 1    def show(self, win):        pygame.draw.circle(win, (self.colour[0], self.colour[1], self.colour[2], 0), (int(self.pos.x), int(self.pos.y)),                           self.size)    def decay(self):  # random decay of the particles        if 50 > self.life > 10:  # early stage their is a small chance of decay            ran = randint(0, 30)            if ran == 0:                self.remove = True        elif self.life > 50:            ran = randint(0, 5)            if ran == 0:                self.remove = True

Firework 类核心代码

class Firework:    def __init__(self):        # 随机颜色        self.colour = (randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255))        self.colours = (            (randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255)),            (randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255)),            (randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255), randint(0, 255)))        self.firework = Particle(randint(0, DISPLAY_WIDTH), DISPLAY_HEIGHT, True,                                 self.colour)  # Creates the firework particle        self.exploded = False        self.particles = []        self.min_max_particles = vector(100, 225)    def update(self, win):  # called every frame        if not self.exploded:            self.firework.apply_force(gravity)            self.firework.move()            for tf in self.firework.trails:                tf.show(win)            self.show(win)            if self.firework.vel.y >= 0:                self.exploded = True                self.explode()        else:            for particle in self.particles:                particle.apply_force(vector(gravity.x + uniform(-1, 1) / 20, gravity.y / 2 + (randint(1, 8) / 100)))                particle.move()                for t in particle.trails:                    t.show(win)                particle.show(win)     def remove(self):        if self.exploded:            for p in self.particles:                if p.remove is True:                    self.particles.remove(p)            if len(self.particles) == 0:                return True            else:                return False

最后,写一个 main 方法来对 pygame 环境进行初始化,例如背景图片,文字,设置页面刷新间隔,程序中设置的每 60ms 刷新一次。

pygame.display.set_caption("Fireworks in Pygame") # 标题    background = pygame.image.load("img/1.png") # 背景    myfont = pygame.font.Font("img/simkai.ttf",80)    myfont1 = pygame.font.Font("img/simkai.ttf", 30)    testsurface = myfont.render("元旦快乐",False,(255,255,255))    testsurface1 = myfont1.render("By:小张Python", False, (255, 255, 255))    # pygame.image.load("")    win = pygame.display.set_mode((DISPLAY_WIDTH, DISPLAY_HEIGHT))    # win.blit(background)    clock = pygame.time.Clock()    fireworks = [Firework() for i in range(2)]  # create the first fireworks    running = True    while running:        clock.tick(60)        win.fill((20, 20, 30))  # draw background        win.blit(background,(0,0))        win.blit(testsurface,(200,200))        win.blit(testsurface1, (300,200))        if randint(0, 20) == 1:  # create new firework            fireworks.append(Firework())        update(win, fireworks)

另外程序中会对你的按键命令进行监控:

当按下键 1时 ,会立即生成一个新的 “烟花”;当按下键 2时,会同时生成 10 个 “烟花”

for event in pygame.event.get():            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:                running = False            if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:  # Change game speed with number keys                if event.key == pygame.K_1: # 按下 1                    fireworks.append(Firework())                if event.key == pygame.K_2: # 按下 2 加入10个烟花                    for i in range(10):                        fireworks.append(Firework())

总的来说,整个小案例的代码量不算很多,一共250行左右,但案例中涉及到较为复杂的绘制逻辑和抽象的类之间的封装关系,因此大家理解代码相对会需要耗费点时间。

写到这里,本篇文章算基本结束了,主要介绍就是如何用 Pygame 来模拟一个烟花绽放过程,核心内容大致两点:第一,如何用绘制点的方式来模拟烟花绽放运动轨迹;第二 介绍Pygame 一些基础用法:替换背景,绘制文字,更新状态等功能;

标签: #透明度的代码