...14) Get over " blame ' and " credit " and get on with " accurate " and " inaccurate ." When people hear ," You did XYZ wrong ," they have an instinctual reaction to figure out possible consequences or punishments rather than to try to understand how to improve . Remember that what has happened lies in the past and no longer matters , except as a method for learning how to be better in the future . Create an environment in which people understand that remarks such as " You handled that badly " are meant to be helpful ( for the future ) rather than punitive ( for the past ). While people typically feel unhappy about blame and good about credit , that attitude gets everything backwards and can cause major problems . Worrying about " blame " and " credit " or " positive " and " negative ' feedback impedes the itera - tive process essential to learning .

...14)克服“责备和赞扬”的想法，聚焦于”准确与不准确“。当人们听到：“你把某事做错了，”的时候，他们本能的反应是判断可能的结果或会受到的惩罚，而不是努力去理解如何改进。要记住：发生的已然发生，就不再重要了，除非作为一种学习如何在未来变得更好的方法。要创设一个环境，其中的人们要理解像“你那件事处理得不好”那样的评价意味着（对未来的）帮助而不是（对过去的）惩罚。当人们通常对指责感到不满，对赞扬沾沾自喜的时候，那种态度会把所有事情推后，也会引起巨大的问题。担心“受到责备”和“得到赞扬”或者“正面的“和”负面的“反馈阻碍了对学习至关重要的迭代过程。