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Map是一个接口,下面介绍一下Map接口的一些常用的实现类
Hashtable
Hashtable是在java1.0中实现的最早的Map,继承自Dictionary类,底层使用的哈希表,是线程安全的,因为该类中的方法都是用了synchronized修饰,但是也因此存在了效率问题
如果想要使用具有用线程安全能力的map可以使用Collections.synchronizedMap()方法或者使用ConcurrentHashMap
public class Hashtable<K,V> extends Dictionary<K,V> implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")public synchronized V get(Object key) { Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; int hash = key.hashCode(); int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; for (Entry<?,?> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) { if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) { return (V)e.value; } } return null;}
内部所使用的是一个Entry数组进行存储的,Entry实际上是一个链表,key和value都保存在Entry中
/** * The hash table data.*/private transient Entry<?,?>[] table;private static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> { final int hash; final K key; V value; Entry<K,V> next; protected Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Entry<K,V> next) { this.hash = hash; this.key = key; this.value = value; this.next = next; } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") protected Object clone() { return new Entry<>(hash, key, value, (next==null ? null : (Entry<K,V>) next.clone())); } // Map.Entry Ops public K getKey() { return key; } public V getValue() { return value; } public V setValue(V value) { if (value == null) throw new NullPointerException(); V oldValue = this.value; this.value = value; return oldValue; } public boolean equals(Object o) { if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry)) return false; Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o; return (key==null ? e.getKey()==null : key.equals(e.getKey())) && (value==null ? e.getValue()==null : value.equals(e.getValue())); } public int hashCode() { return hash ^ Objects.hashCode(value); } public String toString() { return key.toString()+"="+value.toString(); }}
HashTable的key和value都不允许为null,可以看到在put操作的时候,会校验value值是否为null,而且会获取key的hashCode,所以key和value都不可以为null
public synchronized V put(K key, V value) { // Make sure the value is not null if (value == null) { throw new NullPointerException(); } // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable. Entry<?,?> tab[] = table; int hash = key.hashCode(); int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length; @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index]; for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) { if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) { V old = entry.value; entry.value = value; return old; } } addEntry(hash, key, value, index); return null;}HashMap
当前用的最多的还是HashMap
HashMap是线程不安全的,底层也是哈希表,与HashTable不同的是,key和value可以为null
可以看到在put方法取key的hash值时对key进行了判断,key为null的话,hash值为0
public V put(K key, V value) { return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);}static final int hash(Object key) { int h; return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);}
HashMap的底层使用Node数组来存储的
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
HashMap如果出现hash冲突的话,会在放到链表中,但是如果hash冲突过多的话,会导致链表太长,查询时性能会下降,在链表长度超过一定值时,会进行结构改造,将链表转换为树状结构,这里TREEIFY_THRESHOLD是8
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) // table为null,进行初始化 n = (tab = resize()).length; if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null); else { Node<K,V> e; K k; if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) e = p; else if (p instanceof TreeNode) e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); else { // 遍历map for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { // 遍历完依旧没有该key,需要添加一个新的节点 if ((e = p.next) == null) { p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st // 链表转为树状结构 treeifyBin(tab, hash); break; } if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) break; p = e; } } if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; } } ++modCount; if (++size > threshold) resize(); afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null;}TreeMap
TreeMap底层是红黑树,实现了SortedMap接口,顺序由key控制(默认是按key进行,key必须实现Comparable接口或者在构造器传入自定义的Comparator),通过Comparator或者Comparable决定,
public class TreeMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements NavigableMap<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable public interface NavigableMap<K,V> extends SortedMap<K,V>
// key进行比较final int compare(Object k1, Object k2) { return comparator==null ? ((Comparable<? super K>)k1).compareTo((K)k2) : comparator.compare((K)k1, (K)k2);}LinkedHashMap
LinkedHashMap属于一个双向链表,通过键值来维护,遍历顺序为插入顺序,相当于一个有顺序的HashMap
增加了两个属性来保证迭代顺序,分别是双向链表的头结点header和标志位accessOrder(值为true表示按照访问顺序迭代,值为false表示按照插入顺序迭代)
默认构造器accessOrder为false是按照插入顺序迭代的
public LinkedHashMap() { super(); accessOrder = false;}ConcurrentHashMap
ConcurrentHashMap是并发包下的类,属于线程安全的HashMap。
java8中ConcurrentHashMap放弃了Segment分段加锁的机制,采用了Node+CAS+Syncronized保证并发安全。
大量地采用了自旋+CAS操作
key和value都不可以为null,否则会抛出空指针异常
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) { if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException(); int hash = spread(key.hashCode()); int binCount = 0; for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) { Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh; if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) tab = initTable(); else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) { if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null))) break; // no lock when adding to empty bin } else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) tab = helpTransfer(tab, f); else { V oldVal = null; synchronized (f) { if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) { if (fh >= 0) { binCount = 1; for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) { K ek; if (e.hash == hash && ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) { oldVal = e.val; if (!onlyIfAbsent) e.val = value; break; } Node<K,V> pred = e; if ((e = e.next) == null) { pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null); break; } } } else if (f instanceof TreeBin) { Node<K,V> p; binCount = 2; if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key, value)) != null) { oldVal = p.val; if (!onlyIfAbsent) p.val = value; } } } } if (binCount != 0) { if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD) treeifyBin(tab, i); if (oldVal != null) return oldVal; break; } } } addCount(1L, binCount); return null; }HashMap和HashTable的区别HashMap线程不安全,HashTable线程安全HashMap性能比HashTable好HashMap键值允许为null,HashTable键值不允许为nullHashMap继承AbstractMap,HashTable继承Dictionary类HashMap初始容量为16,HashTable初始容量为11HashMap扩容是翻一倍,HashTable是翻一倍+1HashMap的Iterator迭代器是fail-fast的,而HashTable的Enumerator是fail-safe的
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