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Common Note-taking Methods

常见的记笔记方法

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Enrollment Management and Student AffairsCenter for Academic Support and AdvisementPeer Academic Coaching ProgramTips for Academic SuccessCommon Note-taking Methods

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The Cornell MethodThe Outlining MethodThe Mapping MethodThe Charting MethodThe Sentence Method康奈尔笔记法大纲法思维导图法图表法句子法The Cornell Method

The Cornell method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying. After writing the notes in the main space, use the left-hand space to label each idea and detail with a key word or "cue."

Method: Rule your paper with a 2 _ inch margin on the left leaving a six-inch area on the right in which to make notes. During class, take down information in the six-inch area. When the instructor moves to a new point, skip a few lines. After class, complete phrases and sentences as much as possible. For every significant bit of information, write a cue in the left margin. To review, cover your notes with a card, leaving the cues exposed. Say the cue out loud, then say as much as you can of the material underneath the card. When you have said as much as you can, move the card and see if what you said matches what is written. If you can say it, you know it.

Advantages: Organized and systematic for recording and reviewing notes. Easy format for pulling outmajor concept and ideas. Simple and efficient. Saves time and effort. "Do-it-right-in-the-first-place system."

Disadvantages: None

When to Use: In any lecture situation.

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康奈尔笔记法

康奈尔笔记法为浓缩和组织笔记提供了一种系统的格式，无需费力地重新抄写。在主区域写下笔记后，使用左手边的区域用关键词或 “提示” 为每个想法和细节做标注。

方法：在纸张左边留出 2 英寸的空白边距，在右边留下 6 英寸的区域用于做笔记。在课堂上，在 6 英寸的区域记录信息。当老师讲到新的知识点时，空几行。课后，尽可能地完善短语和句子。对于每一个重要的信息，在左边的空白处写一个提示。复习时，用一张卡片盖住你的笔记，只露出提示。大声读出提示，然后尽可能多地说出卡片下面的内容。当你说完后，移动卡片，看看你所说的与所写的是否一致。如果你能说出来，就说明你掌握了。

优点：在记录和复习笔记时，组织有序且系统。容易提取主要概念和想法的格式。简单高效。节省时间和精力。是一种 “一次就做对” 的系统。

缺点：无。

适用场景：在任何课堂讲座情况下都可使用。

The Outlining Method

Dash or indented outlining is usually best except for some science classes such as physics or math.

The information which is most general begins at the left with each more specific group of facts indented with spaces to the right.The relationships between the different parts are carried out through indenting.No numbers, letters, or Roman numerals are needed.Method: Listening and then write in points in an organized pattern based on space indention. Place major points farthest to the left. Indent each more specific point to the right. Levels of importance will be indicated by distance away from the major point. Indention can be as simple as or as complex as labeling the indentions with Roman numerals or decimals. Markings are not necessary as space relationships will indicate the major/minor points.Advantages: Well-organized system if done right. Outlining records content as well as relationships. It also reduces editing and is easy to review by turning main points into questions.Disadvantages: Requires more thought in class for accurate organization. This system may not show relationships by sequence when needed. It doesn’t lend to diversity of a review attach for maximum learning and question application. This system cannot be used if the lecture is too fast.When to Use: The outline format can be used if the lecture is presented in outline organization. This may be either deductive (regular outline) or inductive (reverse outline where minor points start building to a major point). Use this format when there is enough time in the lecture to think about and make organization decisions when they are needed. This format can be most effective when your note-taking skills are super and sharp and you can handle the outlining regardless of the note-taking situation.

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大纲法

破折号或缩进式大纲通常是最好的，除了一些科学课程如物理或数学。

最笼统的信息从左边开始，每一组更具体的事实向右缩进。不同部分之间的关系通过缩进表示。不需要数字、字母或罗马数字。

方法：边听边以基于空间缩进的有组织的模式记录要点。把主要要点写在最左边。把每个更具体的要点向右缩进。重要程度将通过与主要要点的距离来表示。缩进可以很简单，也可以很复杂，比如用罗马数字或小数给缩进部分做标记。由于空间关系将表明主要 / 次要要点，所以不需要做标记。

优点：如果做得正确，这是一个组织良好的系统。大纲记录内容以及关系。它还减少了编辑工作，并且通过将主要要点转化为问题很容易复习。

缺点：在课堂上需要更多的思考才能准确组织。在需要按顺序展示关系时，这个系统可能无法做到。它不利于多样化的复习方式以实现最大程度的学习和问题应用。如果讲座速度太快，这个系统就无法使用。

适用场景：如果讲座是以大纲的形式呈现的，就可以使用大纲格式。这可以是演绎式（常规大纲）或者归纳式（反向大纲，即从次要要点开始逐渐构建到主要要点）。当讲座中有足够的时间让你在需要的时候思考并做出组织决定时，就使用这种格式。当你的笔记技巧非常高超且无论在何种笔记情况下都能处理大纲时，这种格式最为有效。

The Mapping Method

Mapping is a method that uses comprehension/concentration skills and evolves in a note-taking form which relates each fact or idea to every other fact or idea. Mapping is a graphic representation of the content of a lecture. It is a method that maximizes active participation, affords immediate knowledge as to its understanding, and emphasizes critical thinking.

Advantages: This format helps you to visually track your lecture regardless of conditions. Little thinking is needed and relationships can easily be seen. It is also easy to edit your notes by adding numbers, marks, and color coding. Review will call for you to restructure thought processes which will force you to check understanding. Review by covering lines for memory drill and relationships. Main points can be written on flash or note cards and pieced together into a table or larger structure at a later date.Disadvantages: You may not hear changes in content from major points to facts.When to Use: Use when the lecture content is heavy and well-organized. May also be used effectively when you have a guest lecturer and have no idea how the lecture is going to be presented.

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思维导图法

思维导图是一种运用理解 / 集中技巧的方法，它以一种将每个事实或想法与其他所有事实或想法联系起来的笔记形式演变而来。思维导图是对讲座内容的图形表示。它是一种能最大限度地提高积极参与度、立即了解其理解程度并强调批判性思维的方法。

优点：这种格式可以帮助你在任何情况下直观地跟踪讲座。几乎不需要思考，关系也很容易看出。通过添加数字、标记和颜色编码也很容易编辑你的笔记。复习时需要你重构思维过程，这将迫使你检查自己的理解。通过盖住线条进行记忆练习和检查关系来复习。主要要点可以写在抽认卡或便签上，稍后可以拼凑成一个表格或更大的结构。

缺点：你可能听不到从主要要点到事实的内容变化。

适用场景：当讲座内容丰富且组织良好时使用。当有客座讲师并且你不知道讲座将如何呈现时，也可以有效地使用。

The Charting Method

If the lecture format is distinct (such as chronological), you may set up your paper by drawing columns and labeling appropriate headings in a table.

Method: Determine the categories to be covered in lecture. Set up your paper in advance by columns headed by these categories. As you listen to the lecture, record information (words, phrases, main ideas, etc.) into the appropriate category.Advantages: Helps you track conversation and dialogues where you would normally be confused and lose out on relevant content. Reduces amount of writing necessary. Provides easy review mechanism for both memorization of facts and study of comparisons and relationships.Disadvantages: Few disadvantages except learning how to use the system and locating the appropriate categories. You must be able to understand what’s happening in the lecture.When to Use: Test will focus on both facts and relationships. Contents is heavy and presented fast. You want to reduce the amount of time you spend editing and reviewing at test time. You want to get an overview of the whole course on one big paper sequence.

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图表法

如果讲座的格式很明确（例如按时间顺序），你可以在纸上画列，并在表格中为适当的标题做标记。

方法：确定讲座中要涵盖的类别。提前在纸上用这些类别作为列标题设置好。在听讲座时，将信息（单词、短语、主要思想等）记录到适当的类别中。

优点：帮助你跟踪对话和讨论，在通常情况下你可能会感到困惑并错过相关内容。减少了需要书写的量。为记忆事实以及研究比较和关系提供了简单的复习机制。

缺点：除了学习如何使用这个系统和确定适当的类别外，几乎没有缺点。你必须能够理解讲座中的内容。

适用场景：当考试将重点放在事实和关系上时。内容多且讲解速度快。你想在考试复习时减少编辑和复习的时间。你想在一张大纸上按顺序获得整个课程的概述。

The Sentence MethodMethod: Write every new thought, fact or topic on a separate line, numbering as you progress.Advantages: Slightly more organized than the paragraph. Gets more or all of the information. Thinking to tract content is still limited.Disadvantages: Can’t determine major/minor points from the numbered sequence. Difficult to edit without having to rewrite by clustering points which are related. Difficult to review unless editing cleans up relationship.When to Use: Use when the lecture is somewhat organized, but heavy with content which comes fast. You can hear the different points, but you don’t know how they fit together. The instructor tends to present in point fashion, but not in grouping such as “three related points.”

Example 1: A revolution is any occurrence that affects other aspects of life, such as economic life, social life, and so forth. Therefore revolutions cause change. (see page 29 to 30 in your text about this.)

Sample Notes: Revolution – occurrence that affects other aspects of life: e.g., econ., socl. Etc. C.f. text, pp. 29-30

Example 2: At first, Freud tried conventional, physical methods of treatment such as giving baths, massages, rest cures, and similar aids. But when these failed he tried techniques of hypnosis that he had seen used by Jean-Martin Charcot. Finally, he borrowed an idea from Jean Breuer and used direct verbal communication to get an unhypnotized patient to reveal unconscious thoughts.

Sample Notes: Freud 1st– used phys. trtment; e.g., baths, etc. This fld. 2nd – used hypnosis (fr. Charcot). Finally – used vrb. commun. (fr. Breuer) – got unhpynop, patnt to reveal uncons. thoughts.

句子法

方法：把每一个新的想法、事实或主题写在单独的一行上，并随着记录进行编号。

优点：比段落稍微有条理一些。能获取更多或全部的信息。跟踪内容的思考仍然有限。

缺点：从编号序列中无法确定主要 / 次要要点。如果不通过将相关要点分组重写，编辑起来很困难。除非通过编辑理清关系，否则复习起来很困难。

适用场景：当讲座在一定程度上是有组织的，但内容很多且速度很快时使用。你能听到不同的要点，但不知道它们是如何组合在一起的。老师倾向于以要点的形式呈现，但不是以 “三个相关要点” 这样的分组形式呈现。

示例 1：革命是任何影响生活其他方面的事件，如经济生活、社会生活等等。因此，革命会导致变化。（见课本第 29 至 30 页关于这一点的内容。）

示例笔记：革命 —— 影响生活其他方面的事件：例如经济、社会等。参见课本第 29 - 30 页。

示例 2：起初，弗洛伊德尝试了传统的物理治疗方法，如洗澡、按摩、休息疗法和类似的辅助手段。但当这些方法失败后，他尝试了他曾见过让 - 马丁・沙可使用的催眠技术。最后，他从让・布洛伊尔那里借鉴了一个想法，使用直接的言语交流让一个未被催眠的病人揭示无意识的想法。

示例笔记：弗洛伊德首先 —— 使用物理治疗；例如洗澡等。这个方法失败了。其次 —— 使用催眠（来自沙可）。最后 —— 使用言语交流（来自布洛伊尔）—— 让未被催眠的病人揭示无意识的想法。

Retrieved from Harvard Law School.

摘自哈佛法学院。

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参考译文及笔记：英语老师弗雷德人工手打

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英语老师弗雷德践行英语教与学三十年，曾在中国，美国，加拿大多地中小学校任教：上传英语学习笔记，下载文化交际热点；左顾娱乐百相人生，右盼生活五味杂陈。只发布原创首发头条，敬请支持关注！