跟老韩学Linux SRE系列

GAWK(1)                                                               Utility Commands                                                               GAWK(1)NAME       gawk - pattern scanning and processing languageSYNOPSIS       gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...       gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -- ] program-text file ...       pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...       pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -- ] program-text file ...       dgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...DESCRIPTION       Gawk  is  the  GNU Project's implementation of the AWK programming language.  It conforms to the definition of the language in the POSIX 1003.1 Stan‐       dard.  This version in turn is based on the description in The AWK Programming Language, by Aho, Kernighan, and Weinberger.  Gawk provides the  addi‐       tional features found in the current version of UNIX awk and a number of GNU-specific extensions.       The  command  line  consists  of  options  to gawk itself, the AWK program text (if not supplied via the -f or --file options), and values to be made       available in the ARGC and ARGV pre-defined AWK variables.       Pgawk is the profiling version of gawk.  It is identical in every way to gawk, except that programs run more slowly, and it automatically produces an       execution profile in the file awkprof.out when done.  See the --profile option, below.       Dgawk is an awk debugger. Instead of running the program directly, it loads the AWK source code and then prompts for debugging commands.  Unlike gawk       and pgawk, dgawk only processes AWK program source provided with the -f option.  The debugger is documented in GAWK: Effective AWK Programming.OPTION FORMAT       Gawk options may be either traditional POSIX-style one letter options, or GNU-style long options.  POSIX options start with a single “-”, while  long       options start with “--”.  Long options are provided for both GNU-specific features and for POSIX-mandated features.       Gawk-  specific  options  are  typically used in long-option form.  Arguments to long options are either joined with the option by an = sign, with no       intervening spaces, or they may be provided in the next command line argument.  Long options may be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation  remains       unique.       Additionally, each long option has a corresponding short option, so that the option's functionality may be used from within #!  executable scripts.OPTIONS       Gawk  accepts  the  following  options.   Standard  options are listed first, followed by options for gawk extensions, listed alphabetically by short       option.       -f program-file       --file program-file              Read the AWK program source from the file program-file, instead of from the first command line argument.  Multiple -f (or --file) options  may              be used.       -F fs       --field-separator fs              Use fs for the input field separator (the value of the FS predefined variable).       -v var=val       --assign var=val              Assign the value val to the variable var, before execution of the program begins.  Such variable values are available to the BEGIN block of an              AWK program.       -b       --characters-as-bytes              Treat all input data as single-byte characters. In other words, don't pay any attention to the locale information when attempting  to  process              strings as multibyte characters.  The --posix option overrides this one.       -c       --traditional              Run  in  compatibility mode.  In compatibility mode, gawk behaves identically to UNIX awk; none of the GNU-specific extensions are recognized.              See GNU EXTENSIONS, below, for more information.       -C       --copyright              Print the short version of the GNU copyright information message on the standard output and exit successfully.       -d[file]       --dump-variables[=file]              Print a sorted list of global variables, their types and final values to file.  If no file is provided, gawk uses a file named awkvars.out  in              the current directory.              Having  a list of all the global variables is a good way to look for typographical errors in your programs.  You would also use this option if              you have a large program with a lot of functions, and you want to be sure that your functions don't inadvertently use  global  variables  that              you meant to be local.  (This is a particularly easy mistake to make with simple variable names like i, j, and so on.)       -e program-text       --source program-text              Use  program-text  as  AWK  program  source  code.   This  option allows the easy intermixing of library functions (used via the -f and --file              options) with source code entered on the command line.  It is intended primarily for medium to large AWK programs used in shell scripts.       -E file       --exec file              Similar to -f, however, this is option is the last one processed.  This should be used with #!  scripts, particularly for CGI applications, to              avoid passing in options or source code (!) on the command line from a URL.  This option disables command-line variable assignments.       -g       --gen-pot              Scan  and parse the AWK program, and generate a GNU .pot (Portable Object Template) format file on standard output with entries for all local‐              izable strings in the program.  The program itself is not executed.  See the GNU gettext distribution for more information on .pot files.       -h       --help Print a relatively short summary of the available options on the standard output.  (Per the GNU Coding Standards, these options cause an imme‐              diate, successful exit.)       -L [value]       --lint[=value]              Provide  warnings  about  constructs  that are dubious or non-portable to other AWK implementations.  With an optional argument of fatal, lint              warnings become fatal errors.  This may be drastic, but its use will certainly encourage the development of cleaner  AWK  programs.   With  an              optional argument of invalid, only warnings about things that are actually invalid are issued. (This is not fully implemented yet.)       -n       --non-decimal-data              Recognize octal and hexadecimal values in input data.  Use this option with great caution!       -N       --use-lc-numeric              This forces gawk to use the locale's decimal point character when parsing input data.  Although the POSIX standard requires this behavior, and              gawk does so when --posix is in effect, the default is to follow traditional behavior and use a period as the decimal point, even  in  locales              where the period is not the decimal point character.  This option overrides the default behavior, without the full draconian strictness of the              --posix option.       -O       --optimize              Enable optimizations upon the internal representation of the program.  Currently, this includes just simple constant-folding. The  gawk  main‐              tainer hopes to add additional optimizations over time.       -p[prof_file]       --profile[=prof_file]              Send profiling data to prof_file.  The default is awkprof.out.  When run with gawk, the profile is just a “pretty printed” version of the pro‐              gram.  When run with pgawk, the profile contains execution counts of each statement in the program in the left margin and function call counts              for each user-defined function.       -P       --posix              This turns on compatibility mode, with the following additional restrictions:              · \x escape sequences are not recognized.              · Only space and tab act as field separators when FS is set to a single space, newline does not.              · You cannot continue lines after ?  and :.              · The synonym func for the keyword function is not recognized.              · The operators ** and **= cannot be used in place of ^ and ^=.       -r       --re-interval              Enable  the use of interval expressions in regular expression matching (see Regular Expressions, below).  Interval expressions were not tradi‐              tionally available in the AWK language.  The POSIX standard added them, to make awk and egrep consistent with each other.  They are enabled by              default, but this option remains for use with --traditional.       -R       --command file              Dgawk only.  Read stored debugger commands from file.       -S       --sandbox              Runs  gawk  in  sandbox  mode,  disabling the system() function, input redirection with getline, output redirection with print and printf, and              loading dynamic extensions.  Command execution (through pipelines) is also disabled.  This effectively blocks a script  from  accessing  local              resources (except for the files specified on the command line).       -t       --lint-old              Provide warnings about constructs that are not portable to the original version of Unix awk.       -V       --version              Print  version  information for this particular copy of gawk on the standard output.  This is useful mainly for knowing if the current copy of              gawk on your system is up to date with respect to whatever the Free Software Foundation is distributing.  This is also useful  when  reporting              bugs.  (Per the GNU Coding Standards, these options cause an immediate, successful exit.)       --     Signal the end of options. This is useful to allow further arguments to the AWK program itself to start with a “-”.  This provides consistency              with the argument parsing convention used by most other POSIX programs.       In compatibility mode, any other options are flagged as invalid, but are otherwise ignored.  In normal operation, as long as program  text  has  been       supplied,  unknown  options  are passed on to the AWK program in the ARGV array for processing.  This is particularly useful for running AWK programs       via the “#!” executable interpreter mechanism.AWK PROGRAM EXECUTION       An AWK program consists of a sequence of pattern-action statements and optional function definitions.              @include "filename" pattern   { action statements }              function name(parameter list) { statements }       Gawk first reads the program source from the program-file(s) if specified, from arguments to --source, or from the first non-option argument  on  the       command  line.   The -f and --source options may be used multiple times on the command line.  Gawk reads the program text as if all the program-files       and command line source texts had been concatenated together.  This is useful for building libraries of AWK functions, without having to include them       in each new AWK program that uses them.  It also provides the ability to mix library functions with command line programs.       In addition, lines beginning with @include may be used to include other source files into your program, making library use even easier.       The environment variable AWKPATH specifies a search path to use when finding source files named with the -f option.  If this variable does not exist,       the default path is ".:/usr/local/share/awk".  (The actual directory may vary, depending upon how gawk was built and  installed.)   If  a  file  name       given to the -f option contains a “/” character, no path search is performed.       Gawk  executes  AWK programs in the following order.  First, all variable assignments specified via the -v option are performed.  Next, gawk compiles       the program into an internal form.  Then, gawk executes the code in the BEGIN block(s) (if any), and then proceeds to read each  file  named  in  the       ARGV array (up to ARGV[ARGC]).  If there are no files named on the command line, gawk reads the standard input.       If  a  filename  on  the  command line has the form var=val it is treated as a variable assignment.  The variable var will be assigned the value val.       (This happens after any BEGIN block(s) have been run.)  Command line variable assignment is most useful for dynamically assigning values to the vari‐       ables  AWK uses to control how input is broken into fields and records.  It is also useful for controlling state if multiple passes are needed over a       single data file.       If the value of a particular element of ARGV is empty (""), gawk skips over it.       For each input file, if a BEGINFILE rule exists, gawk executes the associated code before processing the contents of the file. Similarly,  gawk  exe‐       cutes the code associated with ENDFILE after processing the file.       For  each record in the input, gawk tests to see if it matches any pattern in the AWK program.  For each pattern that the record matches, the associ‐       ated action is executed.  The patterns are tested in the order they occur in the program.       Finally, after all the input is exhausted, gawk executes the code in the END block(s) (if any).   Command Line Directories       According to POSIX, files named on the awk command line must be text files.  The behavior is ``undefined'' if they are not.   Most  versions  of  awk       treat a directory on the command line as a fatal error.       Starting  with version 4.0 of gawk, a directory on the command line produces a warning, but is otherwise skipped.  If either of the --posix or --tra‐       ditional options is given, then gawk reverts to treating directories on the command line as a fatal error.VARIABLES, RECORDS AND FIELDS       AWK variables are dynamic; they come into existence when they are first used.  Their values are either floating-point numbers or  strings,  or  both,       depending  upon how they are used.  AWK also has one dimensional arrays; arrays with multiple dimensions may be simulated.  Several pre-defined vari‐       ables are set as a program runs; these are described as needed and summarized below.   Records       Normally, records are separated by newline characters.  You can control how records are separated by assigning values to the  built-in  variable  RS.       If RS is any single character, that character separates records.  Otherwise, RS is a regular expression.  Text in the input that matches this regular       expression separates the record.  However, in compatibility mode, only the first character of its string value is used for separating records.  If RS       is  set  to  the  null  string, then records are separated by blank lines.  When RS is set to the null string, the newline character always acts as a       field separator, in addition to whatever value FS may have.   Fields       As each input record is read, gawk splits the record into fields, using the value of the FS variable as the field separator.  If FS is a single char‐       acter,  fields are separated by that character.  If FS is the null string, then each individual character becomes a separate field.  Otherwise, FS is       expected to be a full regular expression.  In the special case that FS is a single space, fields are separated by runs of spaces and/or  tabs  and/or       newlines.   (But see the section POSIX COMPATIBILITY, below).  NOTE: The value of IGNORECASE (see below) also affects how fields are split when FS is       a regular expression, and how records are separated when RS is a regular expression.       If the FIELDWIDTHS variable is set to a space separated list of numbers, each field is expected to have fixed width, and gawk splits  up  the  record       using the specified widths.  The value of FS is ignored.  Assigning a new value to FS or FPAT overrides the use of FIELDWIDTHS.       Similarly, if the FPAT variable is set to a string representing a regular expression, each field is made up of text that matches that regular expres‐       sion. In this case, the regular expression describes the fields themselves, instead of the text that separates the fields.  Assigning a new value  to       FS or FIELDWIDTHS overrides the use of FPAT.       Each  field in the input record may be referenced by its position, $1, $2, and so on.  $0 is the whole record.  Fields need not be referenced by con‐       stants:              n = 5              print $n       prints the fifth field in the input record.       The variable NF is set to the total number of fields in the input record.       References to non-existent fields (i.e. fields after $NF) produce the null-string.  However, assigning to a non-existent field (e.g.,  $(NF+2)  =  5)       increases  the value of NF, creates any intervening fields with the null string as their value, and causes the value of $0 to be recomputed, with the       fields being separated by the value of OFS.  References to negative numbered fields cause a fatal error.  Decrementing NF causes the values of fields       past the new value to be lost, and the value of $0 to be recomputed, with the fields being separated by the value of OFS.       Assigning  a  value  to an existing field causes the whole record to be rebuilt when $0 is referenced.  Similarly, assigning a value to $0 causes the       record to be resplit, creating new values for the fields.   Built-in Variables       Gawk's built-in variables are:       ARGC        The number of command line arguments (does not include options to gawk, or the program source).       ARGIND      The index in ARGV of the current file being processed.       ARGV        Array of command line arguments.  The array is indexed from 0 to ARGC - 1.  Dynamically changing the contents of  ARGV  can  control  the                   files used for data.       BINMODE     On  non-POSIX  systems,  specifies use of “binary” mode for all file I/O.  Numeric values of 1, 2, or 3, specify that input files, output                   files, or all files, respectively, should use binary I/O.  String values of "r", or "w"  specify  that  input  files,  or  output  files,                   respectively, should use binary I/O.  String values of "rw" or "wr" specify that all files should use binary I/O.  Any other string value                   is treated as "rw", but generates a warning message.       CONVFMT     The conversion format for numbers, "%.6g", by default.       ENVIRON     An array containing the values of the current environment.  The array is indexed by the environment variables,  each  element  being  the                   value  of  that variable (e.g., ENVIRON["HOME"] might be /home/arnold).  Changing this array does not affect the environment seen by pro‐                   grams which gawk spawns via redirection or the system() function.       ERRNO       If a system error occurs either doing a redirection for getline, during a read for getline, or during a close(), then ERRNO will  contain                   a string describing the error.  The value is subject to translation in non-English locales.       FIELDWIDTHS A  whitespace  separated list of field widths.  When set, gawk parses the input into fields of fixed width, instead of using the value of                   the FS variable as the field separator.  See Fields, above.       FILENAME    The name of the current input file.  If no files are specified on the command line, the value of FILENAME is “-”.  However,  FILENAME  is                   undefined inside the BEGIN block (unless set by getline).       FNR         The input record number in the current input file.       FPAT        A  regular  expression  describing the contents of the fields in a record.  When set, gawk parses the input into fields, where the fields                   match the regular expression, instead of using the value of the FS variable as the field separator.  See Fields, above.       FS          The input field separator, a space by default.  See Fields, above.       IGNORECASE  Controls the case-sensitivity of all regular expression and string operations.  If IGNORECASE has a non-zero value, then  string  compar‐                   isons  and pattern matching in rules, field splitting with FS and FPAT, record separating with RS, regular expression matching with ~ and                   !~, and the gensub(), gsub(), index(), match(), patsplit(), split(), and sub() built-in functions all  ignore  case  when  doing  regular                   expression operations.  NOTE: Array subscripting is not affected.  However, the asort() and asorti() functions are affected.                   Thus,  if  IGNORECASE  is  not equal to zero, /aB/ matches all of the strings "ab", "aB", "Ab", and "AB".  As with all AWK variables, the                   initial value of IGNORECASE is zero, so all regular expression and string operations are normally case-sensitive.       LINT        Provides dynamic control of the --lint option from within an AWK program.  When true, gawk prints lint warnings. When false, it does not.                   When  assigned  the string value "fatal", lint warnings become fatal errors, exactly like --lint=fatal.  Any other true value just prints                   warnings.       NF          The number of fields in the current input record.       NR          The total number of input records seen so far.       OFMT        The output format for numbers, "%.6g", by default.       OFS         The output field separator, a space by default.       ORS         The output record separator, by default a newline.       PROCINFO    The elements of this array provide access to information about the running AWK program.  On some systems, there may be  elements  in  the                   array,  "group1"  through  "groupn" for some n, which is the number of supplementary groups that the process has.  Use the in operator to                   test for these elements.  The following elements are guaranteed to be available:                   PROCINFO["egid"]    the value of the getegid(2) system call.                   PROCINFO["strftime"]                                       The default time format string for strftime().                   PROCINFO["euid"]    the value of the geteuid(2) system call.                   PROCINFO["FS"]      "FS" if field splitting with FS is in effect, "FPAT" if field splitting with FPAT is in effect, or  "FIELDWIDTHS"  if                                       field splitting with FIELDWIDTHS is in effect.                   PROCINFO["gid"]     the value of the getgid(2) system call.                   PROCINFO["pgrpid"]  the process group ID of the current process.                   PROCINFO["pid"]     the process ID of the current process.                   PROCINFO["ppid"]    the parent process ID of the current process.                   PROCINFO["uid"]     the value of the getuid(2) system call.                   PROCINFO["sorted_in"]                                       If  this  element  exists in PROCINFO, then its value controls the order in which array elements are traversed in for                                       loops.   Supported  values  are  "@ind_str_asc",  "@ind_num_asc",  "@val_type_asc",  "@val_str_asc",  "@val_num_asc",                                       "@ind_str_desc", "@ind_num_desc", "@val_type_desc", "@val_str_desc", "@val_num_desc", and "@unsorted".  The value can                                       also be the name of any comparison function defined as follows:                          function cmp_func(i1, v1, i2, v2)                   where i1 and i2 are the indices, and v1 and v2 are the corresponding values of the two elements being compared.  It should return a  num‐                   ber less than, equal to, or greater than 0, depending on how the elements of the array are to be ordered.                   PROCINFO["version"]                          the version of gawk.       RS          The input record separator, by default a newline.       RT          The record terminator.  Gawk sets RT to the input text that matched the character or regular expression specified by RS.       RSTART      The index of the first character matched by match(); 0 if no match.  (This implies that character indices start at one.)       RLENGTH     The length of the string matched by match(); -1 if no match.       SUBSEP      The character used to separate multiple subscripts in array elements, by default "\034".       TEXTDOMAIN  The text domain of the AWK program; used to find the localized translations for the program's strings.   Arrays       Arrays  are  subscripted  with  an  expression between square brackets ([ and ]).  If the expression is an expression list (expr, expr ...)  then the       array subscript is a string consisting of the concatenation of the (string) value of each expression, separated by the value of the SUBSEP  variable.       This facility is used to simulate multiply dimensioned arrays.  For example:              i = "A"; j = "B"; k = "C"              x[i, j, k] = "hello, world\n"       assigns  the  string "hello, world\n" to the element of the array x which is indexed by the string "A\034B\034C".  All arrays in AWK are associative,       i.e. indexed by string values.       The special operator in may be used to test if an array has an index consisting of a particular value:              if (val in array)                   print array[val]       If the array has multiple subscripts, use (i, j) in array.       The in construct may also be used in a for loop to iterate over all the elements of an array.       An element may be deleted from an array using the delete statement.  The delete statement may also be used to delete the entire contents of an array,       just by specifying the array name without a subscript.       gawk supports true multidimensional arrays. It does not require that such arrays be ``rectangular'' as in C or C++.  For example:              a[1] = 5              a[2][1] = 6              a[2][2] = 7   Variable Typing And Conversion       Variables  and fields may be (floating point) numbers, or strings, or both.  How the value of a variable is interpreted depends upon its context.  If       used in a numeric expression, it will be treated as a number; if used as a string it will be treated as a string.       To force a variable to be treated as a number, add 0 to it; to force it to be treated as a string, concatenate it with the null string.       When a string must be converted to a number, the conversion is accomplished using strtod(3).  A number is converted to a string by using the value of       CONVFMT  as  a  format  string  for  sprintf(3), with the numeric value of the variable as the argument.  However, even though all numbers in AWK are       floating-point, integral values are always converted as integers.  Thus, given              CONVFMT = "%2.2f"              a = 12              b = a ""       the variable b has a string value of "12" and not "12.00".       NOTE: When operating in POSIX mode (such as with the --posix command line option), beware that locale settings may interfere  with  the  way  decimal       numbers are treated: the decimal separator of the numbers you are feeding to gawk must conform to what your locale would expect, be it a comma (,) or       a period (.).       Gawk performs comparisons as follows: If two variables are numeric, they are compared numerically.  If one value is  numeric  and  the  other  has  a       string  value  that  is  a “numeric string,” then comparisons are also done numerically.  Otherwise, the numeric value is converted to a string and a       string comparison is performed.  Two strings are compared, of course, as strings.       Note that string constants, such as "57", are not numeric strings, they are string constants.  The idea of “numeric string” only applies  to  fields,       getline input, FILENAME, ARGV elements, ENVIRON elements and the elements of an array created by split() or patsplit() that are numeric strings.  The       basic idea is that user input, and only user input, that looks numeric, should be treated that way.       Uninitialized variables have the numeric value 0 and the string value "" (the null, or empty, string).   Octal and Hexadecimal Constants       You may use C-style octal and hexadecimal constants in your AWK program source code.  For example, the octal value 011 is equal to decimal 9, and the       hexadecimal value 0x11 is equal to decimal 17.   String Constants       String constants in AWK are sequences of characters enclosed between double quotes (like "value").  Within strings, certain escape sequences are rec‐       ognized, as in C.  These are:       \\   A literal backslash.       \a   The “alert” character; usually the ASCII BEL character.       \b   backspace.       \f   form-feed.       \n   newline.       \r   carriage return.       \t   horizontal tab.       \v   vertical tab.       \xhex digits            The character represented by the string of hexadecimal digits following the \x.  As in ANSI C, all following hexadecimal digits  are  considered            part  of  the  escape  sequence.   (This  feature  should  tell us something about language design by committee.)  E.g., "\x1B" is the ASCII ESC            (escape) character.       \ddd The character represented by the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit sequence of octal digits.  E.g., "\033" is the ASCII ESC (escape) character.       \c   The literal character c.       The escape sequences may also be used inside constant regular expressions (e.g., /[ \t\f\n\r\v]/ matches whitespace characters).       In compatibility mode, the characters represented by octal and hexadecimal escape sequences are treated literally when  used  in  regular  expression       constants.  Thus, /a\52b/ is equivalent to /a\*b/.PATTERNS AND ACTIONS       AWK  is  a line-oriented language.  The pattern comes first, and then the action.  Action statements are enclosed in { and }.  Either the pattern may       be missing, or the action may be missing, but, of course, not both.  If the pattern is missing, the action is executed for  every  single  record  of       input.  A missing action is equivalent to              { print }       which prints the entire record.       Comments  begin with the # character, and continue until the end of the line.  Blank lines may be used to separate statements.  Normally, a statement       ends with a newline, however, this is not the case for lines ending in a comma, {, ?, :, &&, or ||.  Lines ending in  do  or  else  also  have  their       statements automatically continued on the following line.  In other cases, a line can be continued by ending it with a “\”, in which case the newline       is ignored.       Multiple statements may be put on one line by separating them with a “;”.  This applies to both the statements within the action part of  a  pattern-       action pair (the usual case), and to the pattern-action statements themselves.   Patterns       AWK patterns may be one of the following:              BEGIN              END              BEGINFILE              ENDFILE              /regular expression/              relational expression              pattern && pattern              pattern || pattern              pattern ? pattern : pattern              (pattern)              ! pattern              pattern1, pattern2       BEGIN  and END are two special kinds of patterns which are not tested against the input.  The action parts of all BEGIN patterns are merged as if all       the statements had been written in a single BEGIN block.  They are executed before any of the input is read.   Similarly,  all  the  END  blocks  are       merged,  and  executed when all the input is exhausted (or when an exit statement is executed).  BEGIN and END patterns cannot be combined with other       patterns in pattern expressions.  BEGIN and END patterns cannot have missing action parts.       BEGINFILE and ENDFILE are additional special patterns whose bodies are executed before reading the first record of each command line input  file  and       after  reading the last record of each file.  Inside the BEGINFILE rule, the value of ERRNO will be the empty string if the file could be opened suc‐       cessfully.  Otherwise, there is some problem with the file and the code should use nextfile to skip it. If that is not done, gawk produces its  usual       fatal error for files that cannot be opened.       For  /regular  expression/ patterns, the associated statement is executed for each input record that matches the regular expression.  Regular expres‐       sions are the same as those in egrep(1), and are summarized below.       A relational expression may use any of the operators defined below in the section on actions.  These generally test whether certain fields match cer‐       tain regular expressions.       The  &&,  ||,  and !  operators are logical AND, logical OR, and logical NOT, respectively, as in C.  They do short-circuit evaluation, also as in C,       and are used for combining more primitive pattern expressions.  As in most languages, parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation.       The ?: operator is like the same operator in C.  If the first pattern is true then the pattern used for testing is the second pattern,  otherwise  it       is the third.  Only one of the second and third patterns is evaluated.       The  pattern1,  pattern2 form of an expression is called a range pattern.  It matches all input records starting with a record that matches pattern1,       and continuing until a record that matches pattern2, inclusive.  It does not combine with any other sort of pattern expression.   Regular Expressions       Regular expressions are the extended kind found in egrep.  They are composed of characters as follows:       c          matches the non-metacharacter c.       \c         matches the literal character c.       .          matches any character including newline.       ^          matches the beginning of a string.       $          matches the end of a string.       [abc...]   character list, matches any of the characters abc....       [^abc...]  negated character list, matches any character except abc....       r1|r2      alternation: matches either r1 or r2.       r1r2       concatenation: matches r1, and then r2.       r+         matches one or more r's.       r*         matches zero or more r's.       r?         matches zero or one r's.       (r)        grouping: matches r.       r{n}       r{n,}       r{n,m}     One or two numbers inside braces denote an interval expression.  If there is one number in the braces, the preceding regular expression  r                  is  repeated  n  times.   If there are two numbers separated by a comma, r is repeated n to m times.  If there is one number followed by a                  comma, then r is repeated at least n times.       \y         matches the empty string at either the beginning or the end of a word.       \B         matches the empty string within a word.       \<         matches the empty string at the beginning of a word.       \>         matches the empty string at the end of a word.       \s         matches any whitespace character.       \S         matches any nonwhitespace character.       \w         matches any word-constituent character (letter, digit, or underscore).       \W         matches any character that is not word-constituent.       \`         matches the empty string at the beginning of a buffer (string).       \'         matches the empty string at the end of a buffer.       The escape sequences that are valid in string constants (see below) are also valid in regular expressions.       Character classes are a feature introduced in the POSIX standard.  A character class is a special notation for describing lists  of  characters  that       have  a  specific  attribute, but where the actual characters themselves can vary from country to country and/or from character set to character set.       For example, the notion of what is an alphabetic character differs in the USA and in France.       A character class is only valid in a regular expression inside the brackets of a character list.  Character classes consist of [:, a keyword denoting       the class, and :].  The character classes defined by the POSIX standard are:       [:alnum:]  Alphanumeric characters.       [:alpha:]  Alphabetic characters.       [:blank:]  Space or tab characters.       [:cntrl:]  Control characters.       [:digit:]  Numeric characters.       [:graph:]  Characters that are both printable and visible.  (A space is printable, but not visible, while an a is both.)       [:lower:]  Lowercase alphabetic characters.       [:print:]  Printable characters (characters that are not control characters.)       [:punct:]  Punctuation characters (characters that are not letter, digits, control characters, or space characters).       [:space:]  Space characters (such as space, tab, and formfeed, to name a few).       [:upper:]  Uppercase alphabetic characters.       [:xdigit:] Characters that are hexadecimal digits.       For example, before the POSIX standard, to match alphanumeric characters, you would have had to write /[A-Za-z0-9]/.  If your character set had other       alphabetic characters in it, this would not match them, and if your character set collated differently from ASCII, this  might  not  even  match  the       ASCII alphanumeric characters.  With the POSIX character classes, you can write /[[:alnum:]]/, and this matches the alphabetic and numeric characters       in your character set, no matter what it is.       Two additional special sequences can appear in character lists.  These apply to non-ASCII character sets, which can have single symbols (called  col‐       lating elements) that are represented with more than one character, as well as several characters that are equivalent for collating, or sorting, pur‐       poses.  (E.g., in French, a plain “e” and a grave-accented “`” are equivalent.)       Collating Symbols              A collating symbol is a multi-character collating element enclosed in [.  and .].  For example, if ch is a collating  element,  then  [[.ch.]]              is a regular expression that matches this collating element, while [ch] is a regular expression that matches either c or h.       Equivalence Classes              An equivalence class is a locale-specific name for a list of characters that are equivalent.  The name is enclosed in [= and =].  For example,              the name e might be used to represent all of “e,” “´,” and “`.”  In this case, [[=e=]] is a regular expression that matches any of e, ´, or `.       These features are very valuable in non-English speaking locales.  The library functions that gawk uses for  regular  expression  matching  currently       only recognize POSIX character classes; they do not recognize collating symbols or equivalence classes.       The  \y, \B, \<, \>, \s, \S, \w, \W, \`, and \' operators are specific to gawk; they are extensions based on facilities in the GNU regular expression       libraries.       The various command line options control how gawk interprets characters in regular expressions.       No options              In the default case, gawk provide all the facilities of POSIX regular expressions and the GNU regular expression operators described above.       --posix              Only POSIX regular expressions are supported, the GNU operators are not special.  (E.g., \w matches a literal w).       --traditional              Traditional Unix awk regular expressions are matched.  The GNU operators are not special, and interval expressions are not available.  Charac‐              ters described by octal and hexadecimal escape sequences are treated literally, even if they represent regular expression metacharacters.       --re-interval              Allow interval expressions in regular expressions, even if --traditional has been provided.   Actions       Action  statements  are enclosed in braces, { and }.  Action statements consist of the usual assignment, conditional, and looping statements found in       most languages.  The operators, control statements, and input/output statements available are patterned after those in C.   Operators       The operators in AWK, in order of decreasing precedence, are       (...)       Grouping       $           Field reference.       ++ --       Increment and decrement, both prefix and postfix.       ^           Exponentiation (** may also be used, and **= for the assignment operator).       + - !       Unary plus, unary minus, and logical negation.       * / %       Multiplication, division, and modulus.       + -         Addition and subtraction.       space       String concatenation.       |   |&      Piped I/O for getline, print, and printf.       < > <= >= != ==                   The regular relational operators.       ~ !~        Regular expression match, negated match.  NOTE: Do not use a constant regular expression (/foo/) on the left-hand side  of  a  ~  or  !~.                   Only  use one on the right-hand side.  The expression /foo/ ~ exp has the same meaning as (($0 ~ /foo/) ~ exp).  This is usually not what                   was intended.       in          Array membership.       &&          Logical AND.       ||          Logical OR.       ?:          The C conditional expression.  This has the form expr1 ? expr2 : expr3.  If expr1 is true, the value of the expression is  expr2,  other‐                   wise it is expr3.  Only one of expr2 and expr3 is evaluated.       = += -= *= /= %= ^=                   Assignment.  Both absolute assignment (var = value) and operator-assignment (the other forms) are supported.   Control Statements       The control statements are as follows:              if (condition) statement [ else statement ]              while (condition) statement              do statement while (condition)              for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement              for (var in array) statement              break              continue              delete array[index]              delete array              exit [ expression ]              { statements }              switch (expression) {              case value|regex : statement              ...              [ default: statement ]              }   I/O Statements       The input/output statements are as follows:       close(file [, how])   Close  file,  pipe or co-process.  The optional how should only be used when closing one end of a two-way pipe to a co-process.                             It must be a string value, either "to" or "from".       getline               Set $0 from next input record; set NF, NR, FNR.       getline <file         Set $0 from next record of file; set NF.       getline var           Set var from next input record; set NR, FNR.       getline var <file     Set var from next record of file.       command | getline [var]                             Run command piping the output either into $0 or var, as above.       command |& getline [var]                             Run command as a co-process piping the output either into $0 or var, as above.  Co-processes are a  gawk  extension.   (command                             can also be a socket.  See the subsection Special File Names, below.)       next                  Stop  processing  the current input record.  The next input record is read and processing starts over with the first pattern in                             the AWK program.  If the end of the input data is reached, the END block(s), if any, are executed.       nextfile              Stop processing the current input file.  The next input record read comes from the next input file.  FILENAME  and  ARGIND  are                             updated,  FNR is reset to 1, and processing starts over with the first pattern in the AWK program. If the end of the input data                             is reached, the END block(s), if any, are executed.       print                 Print the current record.  The output record is terminated with the value of the ORS variable.       print expr-list       Print expressions.  Each expression is separated by the value of the OFS variable.  The output record is  terminated  with  the                             value of the ORS variable.       print expr-list >file Print  expressions  on  file.   Each expression is separated by the value of the OFS variable.  The output record is terminated                             with the value of the ORS variable.       printf fmt, expr-list Format and print.  See The printf Statement, below.       printf fmt, expr-list >file                             Format and print on file.       system(cmd-line)      Execute the command cmd-line, and return the exit status.  (This may not be available on non-POSIX systems.)       fflush([file])        Flush any buffers associated with the open output file or pipe file.  If file is missing or if it  is  the  null  string,  then                             flush all open output files and pipes.       Additional output redirections are allowed for print and printf.       print ... >> file              Appends output to the file.       print ... | command              Writes on a pipe.       print ... |& command              Sends data to a co-process or socket.  (See also the subsection Special File Names, below.)       The getline command returns 1 on success, 0 on end of file, and -1 on an error.  Upon an error, ERRNO contains a string describing the problem.       NOTE:  Failure  in  opening a two-way socket will result in a non-fatal error being returned to the calling function. If using a pipe, co-process, or       socket to getline, or from print or printf within a loop, you must use close() to create new instances of the command or socket.  AWK does not  auto‐       matically close pipes, sockets, or co-processes when they return EOF.   The printf Statement       The AWK versions of the printf statement and sprintf() function (see below) accept the following conversion specification formats:       %c      A single character.  If the argument used for %c is numeric, it is treated as a character and printed.  Otherwise, the argument is assumed to               be a string, and the only first character of that string is printed.       %d, %i  A decimal number (the integer part).       %e, %E  A floating point number of the form [-]d.dddddde[+-]dd.  The %E format uses E instead of e.       %f, %F  A floating point number of the form [-]ddd.dddddd.  If the system library supports it, %F is available as well. This is  like  %f,  but  uses               capital letters for special “not a number” and “infinity” values. If %F is not available, gawk uses %f.       %g, %G  Use %e or %f conversion, whichever is shorter, with nonsignificant zeros suppressed.  The %G format uses %E instead of %e.       %o      An unsigned octal number (also an integer).       %u      An unsigned decimal number (again, an integer).       %s      A character string.       %x, %X  An unsigned hexadecimal number (an integer).  The %X format uses ABCDEF instead of abcdef.       %%      A single % character; no argument is converted.       Optional, additional parameters may lie between the % and the control letter:       count$ Use  the count'th argument at this point in the formatting.  This is called a positional specifier and is intended primarily for use in trans‐              lated versions of format strings, not in the original text of an AWK program.  It is a gawk extension.       -      The expression should be left-justified within its field.       space  For numeric conversions, prefix positive values with a space, and negative values with a minus sign.       +      The plus sign, used before the width modifier (see below), says to always supply a sign for numeric conversions, even if the data to  be  for‐              matted is positive.  The + overrides the space modifier.       #      Use  an “alternate form” for certain control letters.  For %o, supply a leading zero.  For %x, and %X, supply a leading 0x or 0X for a nonzero              result.  For %e, %E, %f and %F, the result always contains a decimal point.  For %g, and %G, trailing zeros are not removed from the result.       0      A leading 0 (zero) acts as a flag, that indicates output should be padded with zeroes instead of spaces.  This applies  only  to  the  numeric              output formats.  This flag only has an effect when the field width is wider than the value to be printed.       width  The field should be padded to this width.  The field is normally padded with spaces.  If the 0 flag has been used, it is padded with zeroes.       .prec  A  number that specifies the precision to use when printing.  For the %e, %E, %f and %F, formats, this specifies the number of digits you want              printed to the right of the decimal point.  For the %g, and %G formats, it specifies the maximum number of significant digits.   For  the  %d,              %i,  %o,  %u,  %x,  and %X formats, it specifies the minimum number of digits to print.  For %s, it specifies the maximum number of characters              from the string that should be printed.       The dynamic width and prec capabilities of the ANSI C printf() routines are supported.  A * in place of  either  the  width  or  prec  specifications       causes their values to be taken from the argument list to printf or sprintf().  To use a positional specifier with a dynamic width or precision, sup‐       ply the count$ after the * in the format string.  For example, "%3$*2$.*1$s".   Special File Names       When doing I/O redirection from either print or printf into a file, or via getline from a file, gawk recognizes certain special filenames internally.       These filenames allow access to open file descriptors inherited from gawk's parent process (usually the shell).  These file names may also be used on       the command line to name data files.  The filenames are:       /dev/stdin  The standard input.       /dev/stdout The standard output.       /dev/stderr The standard error output.       /dev/fd/n   The file associated with the open file descriptor n.       These are particularly useful for error messages.  For example:              print "You blew it!" > "/dev/stderr"       whereas you would otherwise have to use              print "You blew it!" | "cat 1>&2"       The following special filenames may be used with the |& co-process operator for creating TCP/IP network connections:       /inet/tcp/lport/rhost/rport       /inet4/tcp/lport/rhost/rport       /inet6/tcp/lport/rhost/rport              Files for a TCP/IP connection on local port lport to remote host rhost on remote port rport.  Use a port of 0 to have the system pick a  port.              Use /inet4 to force an IPv4 connection, and /inet6 to force an IPv6 connection.  Plain /inet uses the system default (most likely IPv4).       /inet/udp/lport/rhost/rport       /inet4/udp/lport/rhost/rport       /inet6/udp/lport/rhost/rport              Similar, but use UDP/IP instead of TCP/IP.   Numeric Functions       AWK has the following built-in arithmetic functions:       atan2(y, x)   Return the arctangent of y/x in radians.       cos(expr)     Return the cosine of expr, which is in radians.       exp(expr)     The exponential function.       int(expr)     Truncate to integer.       log(expr)     The natural logarithm function.       rand()        Return a random number N, between 0 and 1, such that 0 ≤ N < 1.       sin(expr)     Return the sine of expr, which is in radians.       sqrt(expr)    The square root function.       srand([expr]) Use expr as the new seed for the random number generator.  If no expr is provided, use the time of day.  The return value is the previ‐                     ous seed for the random number generator.   String Functions       Gawk has the following built-in string functions:       asort(s [, d [, how] ]) Return the number of elements in the source array s.  Sort the contents of s using gawk's normal rules for comparing  values,                               and  replace the indices of the sorted values s with sequential integers starting with 1. If the optional destination array d                               is specified, then first duplicate s into d, and then sort d, leaving the indices  of  the  source  array  s  unchanged.  The                               optional  string  how  controls the direction and the comparison mode.  Valid values for how are any of the strings valid for                               PROCINFO["sorted_in"].  It can also be the name of a user-defined comparison function as described in PROCINFO["sorted_in"].       asorti(s [, d [, how] ])                               Return the number of elements in the source array s.  The behavior is the same as that of  asort(),  except  that  the  array                               indices are used for sorting, not the array values.  When done, the array is indexed numerically, and the values are those of                               the original indices.  The original values are lost; thus provide a second array if you wish to preserve the  original.   The                               purpose of the optional string how is the same as described in asort() above.       gensub(r, s, h [, t])   Search the target string t for matches of the regular expression r.  If h is a string beginning with g or G, then replace all                               matches of r with s.  Otherwise, h is a number indicating which match of r to replace.  If t is not supplied, use $0 instead.                               Within  the  replacement  text s, the sequence \n, where n is a digit from 1 to 9, may be used to indicate just the text that                               matched the n'th parenthesized subexpression.  The sequence \0 represents the entire matched text, as does the  character  &.                               Unlike sub() and gsub(), the modified string is returned as the result of the function, and the original target string is not                               changed.       gsub(r, s [, t])        For each substring matching the regular expression r in the string t, substitute the string s, and return the number of  sub‐                               stitutions.  If t is not supplied, use $0.  An & in the replacement text is replaced with the text that was actually matched.                               Use \& to get a literal &.  (This must be typed as "\\&"; see GAWK: Effective AWK Programming for a fuller discussion of  the                               rules for &'s and backslashes in the replacement text of sub(), gsub(), and gensub().)       index(s, t)             Return  the  index  of the string t in the string s, or 0 if t is not present.  (This implies that character indices start at                               one.)       length([s])             Return the length of the string s, or the length of $0 if s is not supplied.  As a  non-standard  extension,  with  an  array                               argument, length() returns the number of elements in the array.       match(s, r [, a])       Return  the  position  in s where the regular expression r occurs, or 0 if r is not present, and set the values of RSTART and                               RLENGTH.  Note that the argument order is the same as for the ~ operator: str ~ re.  If array a is provided, a is cleared and                               then  elements  1  through n are filled with the portions of s that match the corresponding parenthesized subexpression in r.                               The 0'th element of a contains the portion of s matched by the entire regular expression r.  Subscripts  a[n,  "start"],  and                               a[n, "length"] provide the starting index in the string and length respectively, of each matching substring.       patsplit(s, a [, r [, seps] ])                               Split  the  string  s  into  the  array a and the separators array seps on the regular expression r, and return the number of                               fields.  Element values are the portions of s that matched r.  The value of seps[i] is the separator that appeared  in  front                               of  a[i+1].   If r is omitted, FPAT is used instead.  The arrays a and seps are cleared first.  Splitting behaves identically                               to field splitting with FPAT, described above.       split(s, a [, r [, seps] ])                               Split the string s into the array a and the separators array seps on the regular expression  r,  and  return  the  number  of                               fields.   If  r  is  omitted,  FS  is used instead.  The arrays a and seps are cleared first.  seps[i] is the field separator                               matched by r between a[i] and a[i+1].  If r is a single space, then leading whitespace in s goes into the extra array element                               seps[0]  and  trailing  whitespace  goes  into the extra array element seps[n], where n is the return value of split(s, a, r,                               seps).  Splitting behaves identically to field splitting, described above.       sprintf(fmt, expr-list) Prints expr-list according to fmt, and returns the resulting string.       strtonum(str)           Examine str, and return its numeric value.  If str begins with a leading 0, strtonum() assumes that str is an  octal  number.                               If str begins with a leading 0x or 0X, strtonum() assumes that str is a hexadecimal number.  Otherwise, decimal is assumed.       sub(r, s [, t])         Just like gsub(), but replace only the first matching substring.       substr(s, i [, n])      Return the at most n-character substring of s starting at i.  If n is omitted, use the rest of s.       tolower(str)            Return  a  copy of the string str, with all the uppercase characters in str translated to their corresponding lowercase coun‐                               terparts.  Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.       toupper(str)            Return a copy of the string str, with all the lowercase characters in str translated to their corresponding  uppercase  coun‐                               terparts.  Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.       Gawk is multibyte aware.  This means that index(), length(), substr() and match() all work in terms of characters, not bytes.   Time Functions       Since  one of the primary uses of AWK programs is processing log files that contain time stamp information, gawk provides the following functions for       obtaining time stamps and formatting them.       mktime(datespec)                 Turn datespec into a time stamp of the same form as returned by systime(), and return the result.  The datespec is a  string  of  the  form                 YYYY  MM DD HH MM SS[ DST].  The contents of the string are six or seven numbers representing respectively the full year including century,                 the month from 1 to 12, the day of the month from 1 to 31, the hour of the day from 0 to 23, the minute from 0 to 59, the second from 0  to                 60,  and an optional daylight saving flag.  The values of these numbers need not be within the ranges specified; for example, an hour of -1                 means 1 hour before midnight.  The origin-zero Gregorian calendar is assumed, with year 0 preceding year 1 and year -1  preceding  year  0.                 The  time is assumed to be in the local timezone.  If the daylight saving flag is positive, the time is assumed to be daylight saving time;                 if zero, the time is assumed to be standard time; and if negative (the default), mktime() attempts to  determine  whether  daylight  saving                 time  is in effect for the specified time.  If datespec does not contain enough elements or if the resulting time is out of range, mktime()                 returns -1.       strftime([format [, timestamp[, utc-flag]]])                 Format timestamp according to the specification in format.  If utc-flag is present and is non-zero or non-null, the result is in UTC,  oth‐                 erwise  the result is in local time.  The timestamp should be of the same form as returned by systime().  If timestamp is missing, the cur‐                 rent time of day is used.  If format is missing, a default format equivalent to the output of date(1)  is  used.   The  default  format  is                 available in PROCINFO["strftime"].  See the specification for the strftime() function in ANSI C for the format conversions that are guaran‐                 teed to be available.       systime() Return the current time of day as the number of seconds since the Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC on POSIX systems).   Bit Manipulations Functions       Gawk supplies the following bit manipulation functions.  They work by converting double-precision floating point values to uintmax_t integers,  doing       the operation, and then converting the result back to floating point.  The functions are:       and(v1, v2)         Return the bitwise AND of the values provided by v1 and v2.       compl(val)          Return the bitwise complement of val.       lshift(val, count)  Return the value of val, shifted left by count bits.       or(v1, v2)          Return the bitwise OR of the values provided by v1 and v2.       rshift(val, count)  Return the value of val, shifted right by count bits.       xor(v1, v2)         Return the bitwise XOR of the values provided by v1 and v2.   Type Function       The following function is for use with multidimensional arrays.       isarray(x)              Return true if x is an array, false otherwise.   Internationalization Functions       The following functions may be used from within your AWK program for translating strings at run-time.  For full details, see GAWK: Effective AWK Pro‐       gramming.       bindtextdomain(directory [, domain])              Specify the directory where gawk looks for the .mo files, in case they will not or cannot be placed in the ``standard'' locations (e.g.,  dur‐              ing testing).  It returns the directory where domain is ``bound.''              The  default  domain  is the value of TEXTDOMAIN.  If directory is the null string (""), then bindtextdomain() returns the current binding for              the given domain.       dcgettext(string [, domain [, category]])              Return the translation of string in text domain domain for locale category category.  The default value for domain is  the  current  value  of              TEXTDOMAIN.  The default value for category is "LC_MESSAGES".              If  you supply a value for category, it must be a string equal to one of the known locale categories described in GAWK: Effective AWK Program‐              ming.  You must also supply a text domain.  Use TEXTDOMAIN if you want to use the current domain.       dcngettext(string1 , string2 , number [, domain [, category]])              Return the plural form used for number of the translation of string1 and string2 in text domain domain  for  locale  category  category.   The              default value for domain is the current value of TEXTDOMAIN.  The default value for category is "LC_MESSAGES".              If  you supply a value for category, it must be a string equal to one of the known locale categories described in GAWK: Effective AWK Program‐              ming.  You must also supply a text domain.  Use TEXTDOMAIN if you want to use the current domain.USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS       Functions in AWK are defined as follows:              function name(parameter list) { statements }       Functions are executed when they are called from within expressions in either patterns or actions.  Actual parameters supplied in the  function  call       are used to instantiate the formal parameters declared in the function.  Arrays are passed by reference, other variables are passed by value.       Since  functions were not originally part of the AWK language, the provision for local variables is rather clumsy: They are declared as extra parame‐       ters in the parameter list.  The convention is to separate local variables from real parameters by extra spaces in the parameter list.  For example:              function  f(p, q,     a, b)   # a and b are local              {                   ...              }              /abc/     { ... ; f(1, 2) ; ... }       The left parenthesis in a function call is required to immediately follow the function name, without any intervening whitespace.  This avoids a  syn‐       tactic ambiguity with the concatenation operator.  This restriction does not apply to the built-in functions listed above.       Functions  may  call  each other and may be recursive.  Function parameters used as local variables are initialized to the null string and the number       zero upon function invocation.       Use return expr to return a value from a function.  The return value is undefined if no value is provided, or if the  function  returns  by  “falling       off” the end.       As  a gawk extension, functions may be called indirectly. To do this, assign the name of the function to be called, as a string, to a variable.  Then       use the variable as if it were the name of a function, prefixed with an @ sign, like so:              function  myfunc()              {                   print "myfunc called"                   ...              }              {    ...                   the_func = "myfunc"                   @the_func()    # call through the_func to myfunc                   ...              }       If --lint has been provided, gawk warns about calls to undefined functions at parse time, instead of at run time.  Calling an undefined  function  at       run time is a fatal error.       The word func may be used in place of function.DYNAMICALLY LOADING NEW FUNCTIONS       You can dynamically add new built-in functions to the running gawk interpreter.  The full details are beyond the scope of this manual page; see GAWK:       Effective AWK Programming for the details.       extension(object, function)               Dynamically link the shared object file named by object, and invoke function in that object, to perform initialization.  These should both be               provided as strings.  Return the value returned by function.       Using this feature at the C level is not pretty, but it is unlikely to go away. Additional mechanisms may be added at some point.SIGNALS       pgawk accepts two signals.  SIGUSR1 causes it to dump a profile and function call stack to the profile file, which is either awkprof.out, or whatever       file was named with the --profile option.  It then continues to run.  SIGHUP causes pgawk to dump the profile and function call stack and then exit.INTERNATIONALIZATION       String constants are sequences of characters enclosed in double quotes.  In non-English speaking environments, it is possible to mark strings in  the       AWK  program as requiring translation to the local natural language. Such strings are marked in the AWK program with a leading underscore (“_”).  For       example,              gawk 'BEGIN { print "hello, world" }'       always prints hello, world.  But,              gawk 'BEGIN { print _"hello, world" }'       might print bonjour, monde in France.       There are several steps involved in producing and running a localizable AWK program.       1.  Add a BEGIN action to assign a value to the TEXTDOMAIN variable to set the text domain to a name associated with your program:           BEGIN { TEXTDOMAIN = "myprog" }       This allows gawk to find the .mo file associated with your program.  Without this step, gawk uses the messages text domain,  which  likely  does  not       contain translations for your program.       2.  Mark all strings that should be translated with leading underscores.       3.  If necessary, use the dcgettext() and/or bindtextdomain() functions in your program, as appropriate.       4.  Run gawk --gen-pot -f myprog.awk > myprog.pot to generate a .po file for your program.       5.  Provide appropriate translations, and build and install the corresponding .mo files.       The internationalization features are described in full detail in GAWK: Effective AWK Programming.POSIX COMPATIBILITY       A primary goal for gawk is compatibility with the POSIX standard, as well as with the latest version of UNIX awk.  To this end, gawk incorporates the       following user visible features which are not described in the AWK book, but are part of the Bell Laboratories version of awk, and are in  the  POSIX       standard.       The book indicates that command line variable assignment happens when awk would otherwise open the argument as a file, which is after the BEGIN block       is executed.  However, in earlier implementations, when such an assignment appeared before any file names, the assignment  would  happen  before  the       BEGIN  block  was  run.  Applications came to depend on this “feature.”  When awk was changed to match its documentation, the -v option for assigning       variables before program execution was added to accommodate applications that depended upon the old behavior.  (This feature was agreed upon by  both       the Bell Laboratories and the GNU developers.)       When  processing  arguments,  gawk  uses the special option “--” to signal the end of arguments.  In compatibility mode, it warns about but otherwise       ignores undefined options.  In normal operation, such arguments are passed on to the AWK program for it to process.       The AWK book does not define the return value of srand().  The POSIX standard has it return the seed it was using, to allow keeping track  of  random       number sequences.  Therefore srand() in gawk also returns its current seed.       Other  new  features  are: The use of multiple -f options (from MKS awk); the ENVIRON array; the \a, and \v escape sequences (done originally in gawk       and fed back into the Bell Laboratories version); the tolower() and toupper() built-in functions (from the Bell Laboratories version); and the ANSI C       conversion specifications in printf (done first in the Bell Laboratories version).HISTORICAL FEATURES       There  is  one  feature  of historical AWK implementations that gawk supports: It is possible to call the length() built-in function not only with no       argument, but even without parentheses!  Thus,              a = length     # Holy Algol 60, Batman!       is the same as either of              a = length()              a = length($0)       Using this feature is poor practice, and gawk issues a warning about its use if --lint is specified on the command line.GNU EXTENSIONS       Gawk has a number of extensions to POSIX awk.  They are described in this section.  All the extensions described here can  be  disabled  by  invoking       gawk with the --traditional or --posix options.       The following features of gawk are not available in POSIX awk.       · No path search is performed for files named via the -f option.  Therefore the AWKPATH environment variable is not special.       · There is no facility for doing file inclusion (gawk's @include mechanism).       · The \x escape sequence.  (Disabled with --posix.)       · The ability to continue lines after ?  and :.  (Disabled with --posix.)       · Octal and hexadecimal constants in AWK programs.       · The ARGIND, BINMODE, ERRNO, LINT, RT and TEXTDOMAIN variables are not special.       · The IGNORECASE variable and its side-effects are not available.       · The FIELDWIDTHS variable and fixed-width field splitting.       · The FPAT variable and field splitting based on field values.       · The PROCINFO array is not available.       · The use of RS as a regular expression.       · The special file names available for I/O redirection are not recognized.       · The |& operator for creating co-processes.       · The BEGINFILE and ENDFILE special patterns are not available.       · The ability to split out individual characters using the null string as the value of FS, and as the third argument to split().       · An optional fourth argument to split() to receive the separator texts.       · The optional second argument to the close() function.       · The optional third argument to the match() function.       · The ability to use positional specifiers with printf and sprintf().       · The ability to pass an array to length().       · The use of delete array to delete the entire contents of an array.       · The use of nextfile to abandon processing of the current input file.       · The and(), asort(), asorti(), bindtextdomain(), compl(), dcgettext(), dcngettext(), gensub(), lshift(), mktime(), or(), patsplit(), rshift(), strf‐         time(), strtonum(), systime() and xor() functions.       · Localizable strings.       · Adding new built-in functions dynamically with the extension() function.       The AWK book does not define the return value of the close() function.  Gawk's close() returns the value from fclose(3), or pclose(3),  when  closing       an  output  file  or pipe, respectively.  It returns the process's exit status when closing an input pipe.  The return value is -1 if the named file,       pipe or co-process was not opened with a redirection.       When gawk is invoked with the --traditional option, if the fs argument to the -F option is “t”, then FS is set to the tab character.  Note that  typ‐       ing  gawk  -F\t ...  simply causes the shell to quote the “t,” and does not pass “\t” to the -F option.  Since this is a rather ugly special case, it       is not the default behavior.  This behavior also does not occur if --posix has been specified.  To really get a tab character as the field separator,       it is best to use single quotes: gawk -F'\t' ....ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES       The  AWKPATH  environment variable can be used to provide a list of directories that gawk searches when looking for files named via the -f and --file       options.       For socket communication, two special environment variables can be used to control the  number  of  retries  (GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES),  and  the  interval       between retries (GAWK_MSEC_SLEEP).  The interval is in milliseconds. On systems that do not support usleep(3), the value is rounded up to an integral       number of seconds.       If POSIXLY_CORRECT exists in the environment, then gawk behaves exactly as if --posix had been specified on the command line.   If  --lint  has  been       specified, gawk issues a warning message to this effect.EXIT STATUS       If the exit statement is used with a value, then gawk exits with the numeric value given to it.       Otherwise, if there were no problems during execution, gawk exits with the value of the C constant EXIT_SUCCESS.  This is usually zero.       If an error occurs, gawk exits with the value of the C constant EXIT_FAILURE.  This is usually one.       If gawk exits because of a fatal error, the exit status is 2.  On non-POSIX systems, this value may be mapped to EXIT_FAILURE.VERSION INFORMATION       This man page documents gawk, version 4.0.AUTHORS       The  original  version  of  UNIX  awk  was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories.  Brian       Kernighan continues to maintain and enhance it.       Paul Rubin and Jay Fenlason, of the Free Software Foundation, wrote gawk, to be compatible with the original version of awk  distributed  in  Seventh       Edition  UNIX.   John  Woods contributed a number of bug fixes.  David Trueman, with contributions from Arnold Robbins, made gawk compatible with the       new version of UNIX awk.  Arnold Robbins is the current maintainer.       The initial DOS port was done by Conrad Kwok and Scott Garfinkle.  Scott Deifik maintains the port to MS-DOS using DJGPP.   Eli  Zaretskii  maintains       the  port  to MS-Windows using MinGW.  Pat Rankin did the port to VMS, and Michal Jaegermann did the port to the Atari ST.  The port to OS/2 was done       by Kai Uwe Rommel, with contributions and help from Darrel Hankerson.  Andreas Buening now maintains the OS/2 port.  The late Fred Fish supplied sup‐       port  for the Amiga, and Martin Brown provided the BeOS port.  Stephen Davies provided the original Tandem port, and Matthew Woehlke provided changes       for Tandem's POSIX-compliant systems.  Dave Pitts provided the port to z/OS.       See the README file in the gawk distribution for up-to-date information about maintainers and which ports are currently supported.BUG REPORTS       If you find a bug in gawk, please send electronic mail to bug-gawk@gnu.org.  Please include your operating system and its revision,  the  version  of       gawk  (from  gawk  --version), which C compiler you used to compile it, and a test program and data that are as small as possible for reproducing the       problem.       Before sending a bug report, please do the following things.  First, verify that you have the latest version of  gawk.   Many  bugs  (usually  subtle       ones)  are  fixed at each release, and if yours is out of date, the problem may already have been solved.  Second, please see if setting the environ‐       ment variable LC_ALL to LC_ALL=C causes things to behave as you expect. If so, it's a locale issue, and may or may not really  be  a  bug.   Finally,       please  read  this man page and the reference manual carefully to be sure that what you think is a bug really is, instead of just a quirk in the lan‐       guage.       Whatever you do, do NOT post a bug report in comp.lang.awk.  While the gawk developers occasionally read this newsgroup, posting bug reports there is       an unreliable way to report bugs.  Instead, please use the electronic mail addresses given above.       If  you're  using  a  GNU/Linux or BSD-based system, you may wish to submit a bug report to the vendor of your distribution.  That's fine, but please       send a copy to the official email address as well, since there's no guarantee that the bug report will be forwarded to the gawk maintainer.BUGS       The -F option is not necessary given the command line variable assignment feature; it remains only for backwards compatibility.       Syntactically invalid single character programs tend to overflow the parse stack, generating a rather unhelpful message.  Such programs are  surpris‐       ingly difficult to diagnose in the completely general case, and the effort to do so really is not worth it.SEE ALSO       egrep(1), getpid(2), getppid(2), getpgrp(2), getuid(2), geteuid(2), getgid(2), getegid(2), getgroups(2), usleep(3)       The AWK Programming Language, Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, Peter J. Weinberger, Addison-Wesley, 1988.  ISBN 0-201-07981-X.       GAWK:  Effective  AWK  Programming,  Edition  4.0,  shipped  with  the  gawk  source.   The  current  version of this document is available online at              Print and sort the login names of all users:            BEGIN     { FS = ":" }                 { print $1 | "sort" }       Count lines in a file:                 { nlines++ }            END  { print nlines }       Precede each line by its number in the file:            { print FNR, $0 }       Concatenate and line number (a variation on a theme):            { print NR, $0 }       Run an external command for particular lines of data:            tail -f access_log |            awk '/myhome.html/ { system("nmap " $1 ">> logdir/myhome.html") }'ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS       Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories provided valuable assistance during testing and debugging.  We thank him.COPYING PERMISSIONS       Copyright © 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011  Free  Software  Founda‐       tion, Inc.       Permission  is  granted  to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual page provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are pre‐       served on all copies.       Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual page under the conditions  for  verbatim  copying,  provided  that  the       entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.       Permission  is  granted  to  copy and distribute translations of this manual page into another language, under the above conditions for modified ver‐       sions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation.Free Software Foundation                                                 Dec 07 2012                                                                 GAWK(1)