英语中的五个基本句型和There be句型

重难点分析

句子是语言运用的基本单位。能正确写句是最基本、最基础的写作微技能。英语句子千变万化，但都可以由简单句合并或扩展而来，因此掌握简单句的六个基础句型是写好英语句子的第一步。(本专题将五个基本句型和there be句型融合起来讲解，故可以说是六个基本句型)

简单句的六个基本句型

(1)主+谓：主语+不及物动词

(2)主+谓+宾：主语+及物动词+宾语

(3)主+谓+双宾：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

(4)主+谓+宾+宾补：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

(5)主+系+表：主语＋系动词＋表语

(6)there be句型

注意：简单句可以插入定语和状语扩展成为复杂的长句，可以通过添加关联词变成并列复合句或主从复合句。

句型(1)：主语+不及物动词(主+谓)

有些不及物动词能够单独构成谓语，不用带其他成分就能表达一个完整的意思，例如：The bus has left. 但是有少数几个动词其后必须带有状语，否则结构不完整，意义不明确。例如：I live in Guangzhou. I stayed in a small hotel.

翻译句子 请使用句型(1)翻译下列句子。

1．我头痛。(ache)

_________________________________________________________

2. 我的计划已经改变了。(change)

_________________________________________________________

3. 这趟班机晚上九点半钟起飞。(take off)

_________________________________________________________

4. 我来自一个受过良好教育的家庭。(come, well-educated)

_________________________________________________________

5. 我2011年2月8日上午抵达上海。(get to)

_________________________________________________________

句型(2)：主语+及物动词+宾语(主+谓+宾)

作宾语的除了常使用名词或代词外，还有动词不定式及v-ing形式等。

注意：有些动词(短语)后通常不能接v-ing 形式作宾语，只能接to do作宾语。如：agree, ask, decide, desire, expect, hope, manage, promise, afford，beg, offer, plan, refuse, wish, want, fail, prepare, arrange, choose, pretend, would (should) like等；

有些动词(短语)不定接不定式作宾语，只能接v-ing 形式作宾语。如：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, excuse, face, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, mention, mind, miss, practise, postpone, risk , resist, suggest, understand, give up, feel like,keep on, put off, leave off, can’t help (控制不住…), can’t stand (不能容忍),等等。

翻译句子 请使用句型(2)翻译下列句子。

1. 遗憾的是，我没能看到那景象。(miss)

_________________________________________________________

2. 我希望在一周内返回广州。(expect )

_________________________________________________________

3. 我总算按时完成了作业。(manage)

_________________________________________________________

4. 我不能忍受失去一个亲密的朋友。(can’t stand)

_________________________________________________________

5. 我叔叔决定晚点出国。(choose, not…until later) .

_________________________________________________________

6. 我正计划下个月去欧洲旅行。(plan, go on a trip)

_________________________________________________________

7. 我一见到我以前的数学老师就不禁想到了过去。(can’t help, at the sight of )

_________________________________________________________

8. 为了省钱，我建议步行去那里。(suggest)

_________________________________________________________

9. 我想听听其他人的看法。(should like)

_________________________________________________________

10. 我不想去看电影。(feel like)

_________________________________________________________

11. 我不想冒上学迟到的风险。(want, risk, be late)

_________________________________________________________

12. 我不能再推迟去看牙医了。 (put off, not…any longer)

句型(3)：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(主+谓+双宾)

能够用于该句型的常用及物动词有ask, buy, bring, call, get, give, offer, lend, send, tell, teach, cost等等。

翻译句子 请使用句型(3)翻译下列句子。

1. 我的英语老师给了我几本英文小说。(give)

____________________________________________________

2. 我姑妈在我生日那天给我买了一个MP3播放器。(buy)

____________________________________________________

3. 我昨天晚上给李明发送了一封电子邮件。(send)

____________________________________________________

4. 我给我的父母写了一封长信。(write)

____________________________________________________

5. 我前天将新英汉字典借给了我表弟。(lend)

____________________________________________________

句型(4)：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)

作宾语的通常是名词或代词。宾语补足语是对前边宾语进行补充说明，从而使句子的意思更加完整。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语，宾语补足语表示前边宾语发出的动作或其身份、特征等。因此，宾语和宾语补足语往往有一个逻辑上的主谓关系。宾语补足语由名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、v-ing形式或过去分词充当。

注意：有一些动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式要省去to。常见的这类动词有feel, hear, listen to; make, have, let; see, watch, notice, observe以及help等。例如：

Let me have a look at it.

其中help后面作宾补的不定式符号to可省可不省。例如：

I helped her (to) choose a new dictionary.

可以借用口诀“一‘感(觉)’二‘听(见)’三‘使(得)’四‘看(见)’半‘帮助’”记忆这些动词。

一、翻译句子 请使用句型(4)翻译下列句子。

1. 我外祖父给我取了个英文名字叫萨拉。(name, Sarah)

____________________________________________________

2. 我发现这本体育杂志非常有趣。(find, interesting)

____________________________________________________

3. 爷爷奶奶鼓励我好好学习。(encourage, in one’s studies)

____________________________________________________

4. 我建议外祖母卧床休息。 (advise, stay)

____________________________________________________

5. 我能感觉到自己的心脏在快速跳动。(beat)

____________________________________________________

6. 我从未听人唱过这首歌。(hear, sung)

____________________________________________________

7. 我父亲希望我做到最好。 (do one’s best)

____________________________________________________

8. 我的表亲邀请我与他们共度周末。(cousin)

____________________________________________________

二、完成句子 在空格处填入一个适当的词或者用括号中词语的正确形式填空完成句子。

1. 我在长城拍摄了一些很好的彩色照片。

I ______ (have) _______ excellent color _______ _______ (take) _______ _____ Great Wall.

2. 我宁愿她不要改变计划。

I would ______ (prefer) ______ _______ ________( change) ______ plan．

3. 我时刻提醒我自己，内心必须充满希望。

I must always ______ (remind) _______ _______ (fill) my mind _______ _______ (hope) thoughts.

4. 我注意到一个新生坐在班上最前面的位子。

I ______ (notice) ______ new student ________ (sit) _______ ______ front______ ______ class.

5. 我要邀请所有的邻居下星期六参加我的生日聚会。

I'm going ______ (invite) all ______ neighbors______ ______ birthday part y______ _______.

6. 我装作没有看见男孩翻过大门。

I ________ (pretend) ______ _______ (observe) the boy ______ (climb) over ______ gate.

7. 我终于说服她跟我一起去书店。

I ______ (final) ______ (persuade) her ______ (go) to ______ bookstore ______ ______.

8. 我叫理查德,但是我的朋友都叫我迪克。

My ______ ______ Richard, ______ my _______ _______ (call) ______ Dick.

句型(5)：主语＋系动词＋表语(主+系+表)

其中的联系动词主要是be以及become。作表语最典型的词类是形容词，也可以是表示职业身份或类别的名词，还可以是介词短语、分词、不定式、动名词等。

一般不能用副词作表语，但某些表示地点的副词或与介词同形的副词可以在be后面作表语，如here, there, over there, back, abroad, outside, below, in, up, down, off, over, by等。

注意：有一些半系动词后面则通常只能接形容词而不是副词作表语。常见的有：

表示“是”的有：prove (证明是), seem(似乎是), appear(好像是), remain(依然是)；

表示“变成”的有：grow, turn, get, go；

表示“……起来”的有：taste (尝起来) , look, sound, feel, smell。

可以用口诀“四‘是’四‘变’五‘……起来’”加以记忆。

另外，come true, fall asleep等也属于固定搭配型‘系表’结构。

翻译句子 请使用句型(5)翻译下列句子。

1. 我是一名高三学生。(be)

_________________________________________________________

2. 没有什么不可能！(be)

_________________________________________________________

3. 我越来越担心即将到来的高考。(become, increasingly, 用现在进行时)

_________________________________________________________

4. 我的担心被证明是完全错误的。(fear, completely, 用过去进行时)

_________________________________________________________

5. 我的脸在炎热的太阳下变得通红。(go red)

_________________________________________________________

6. 前途看起来不错。(look good, 用现在进行时)

_________________________________________________________

7. 我所有的愿望会成真。(come true)

_________________________________________________________

句型(6)：there be句型

是一种表示存在的句式。这种句式通常以本身无词义、非重读的there为引导词，后接动词be的各种形式，再后是作主语的名词(词组)，最后通常带有表示地点和时间的状语。

翻译句子 请使用句型(6)翻译下列句子。

1. 主教学楼后面有一座实验楼。(classroom building)

____________________________________________________

2. 我们班有22个男生和23个女生。(class)

____________________________________________________

3. 明天下午，会议室里将会有一个讲座。(meeting room)

____________________________________________________

4. 花园里曾经有过一口水井。(used to)

____________________________________________________

5. 这房间里有一张床,一张桌子和两张椅子。 (there be)

____________________________________________________

基本句型的扩展(1)

前面所讲英语的六种基本句型只是英语句子的最基本框架，要表达千差万别、丰富多彩的思想内容，仅仅依靠这样几个简单的句子框架显然是不够的。如果我们以这些基本句型为基础，对句子加以扩展，就可以增大信息量, 使句子表达手段得更加丰富，从而满足我们对各种复杂内容表达的需要。

英语句型扩展的手段主要有三种：(1)增加并列成分；(2)增加修饰成分；(3)使用各类从句。

增加并列成分

英语句中的任何一个成分都可以增加一个或多个并列成分，从而使句子变得长而复杂。例如：

John visited a farm.

这是一个典型的SVO(主谓宾) 句型，通过增加并列成分可扩展为：

John, Mike and their classmates went to the countryside and visited a farm and a nursing home.

句中Mike and their classmates 是John的并列主语，went to the countryside 是visited的并列谓语，a nursing home是a farm的并列宾语。

添加并列成分常使用and, or, so, but, not only …but also, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, rather than, as well as等并列连词。例如：

Mary dances well.可扩展为：Mary not only dances well but also sings well.

[即学即用]

下列句子只给出了主干句型，请依据所给中文和括号中的英语提示扩展下列句子。(一空一词)

1. The development of technology has changed our way of living.

(1) 科技的发展改变了我们交流的方式，学习的方式，甚至工作的方式。(and)

The development of technology has changed our ______ ____ _________, ______ _____ ________, and even the way ______ ________.

(2) 科技的发展不仅改变了我们的工作方式，而且也改变了我们的思维方式。(not only…but also)

The development of technology has _______ _______ changed _____ _______ ______ ______, ______ ______ _changed _____ _______ ______ _________.

2. Tom didn’t go to school yesterday.

(1) 汤姆昨天没有上学，也没有完成作业。(neither…nor)

Tom ________ went to school _______ ___________ his homework yesterday.

(2) 汤姆和他兄弟昨天都没上学。(neither…nor)

________Tom _______his brother __________ to school yesterday.

3. My brother’s effort brought him success.

(1) 我哥的努力不仅带给他名声也带给了他财富。(both…and)

My brother’s effort brought him________ ________and __________.

(2) 我哥的努力和他的才能给他带来了名声和财富。(as well as)

My brother’s effort and ________ brought him wealth ______ ________ ________ ___________.

4. The man finished his meal.

那人吃完饭，买了单，然后就离开了酒店。(and)

The man finished his meal, _______ ______ ________, ______ then _______ the hotel.

5. You have to hand in your report.

不是你就是他得把报告交上来。(either…or)

__________you _______he ________ to hand in the report.

6. Some grandparents spoiled their grandchildren.

有些爷爷奶奶不是爱而是娇惯他们的孙子。(rather than)

Some grandparents spoil their grandchildren _______ _______ ________ them.

基本句型的扩展(2)

增加修饰成分

在基本句型中我们还可以增加各类修饰语来对简单句加以扩展。修饰语包括定语、状语和同位语，可以分别由名词和名词短语、形容词和形容词短语、副词和副词短语来担任，也可以由介词短语和非谓语动词短语来担任。例如下列例句中的划线部分均为添加的修饰语：

He sells socks.(主谓宾基本句型)

He sells women’s socks.

He sells old women’s socks.

He sells old women’s socks made in China.

He sells the best old women’s socks made in China every evening in the market.

要特别注意修饰语的位置，决不要套用汉语的语序。短语作为修饰语，通常放在被修饰的词之后。例如：

I am a student. 我是一名学生。

I am a student of Senior Three. 我是一名高三学生。

I’ll give you some advice. 我会给你一些建议。

I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English well. 我会给你一些学好英语的建议。

[即学即用]

下列句子只给出了主干句型，请依据所给的中文和括号中的提示扩展下列句子。(一空一词)

1. 患难见真情。(用介词短语和副词)

A friend ________ ________ is a friend __________.

2. 在开学典礼上，校长作了一个简短但却鼓舞人心的讲话。(用介词短语和形容词)

____ _____ ________ ________ ________, the headmaster made a _______ _____ _______ speech.

3. 为了养活全家，父亲每天工作十小时以上。(用不定式短语)

______ __________ ______ ___________, Dad worked over ten hours every day.

4. 他很害羞，在学校交朋友有些困难。(用-ing短语)

He is shy and has trouble _________ ____________ at school.

5. 多年前，有位老木匠住在这个小屋里。(用时间状语和-ing短语)

________ _________ _______, there was an old carpenter _________ in this cottage.

6. 中山大学音乐系的学生星期五下午要给我们演出。(用介词短语)

The students of music _______ _________ ________ will give us a performance ________ ________ ________.

7. 委员会的主席史密斯先生出席了昨天的新闻发布会。(用名词短语作同位语)

Mr. Smith, _________ _______ ______ _________, was present at the press conference yesterday.

8. 重建破碎的友谊可能很难，但不管怎样你应该试一下。(用-ed分词和副词)

Rebuilding a __________friendship can be difficult, but ___________ you should try.

9. 由于被同学们取笑，他在学校一点也不开心。(用-ed分词短语)

________ _____ _____ ______ _________, he is not happy at all at school.

10. 我下周要去纽约参加一个国际会议。(用不定式短语)

Next week, I am leaving for New York _______ ________ ________ _________ __________.

基本句型的扩展(3)

使用各类从句

扩展句型的另一主要手段就是使用各种从句，包括定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)等。

[即学即用]

下列句子只给出了主干句型，请依据所给的中文和括号中的提示扩展下列句子。

1. 同学们参观了约翰父亲工作的那家工厂。(定语从句)

The students visited the factory __________________________________________.

2. 我一下飞机就会给你打电话。(时间状语从句)

I’ll call you __________________________________________________________.

3. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那个暑假。(定语从句)

I will never forget the summer vacation ____________________________________.

4. 不到长城非好汉。(定语从句)

He ______________________________________ is not a true man.

5. 他讲得很慢以便每个人都能听懂。(目的状语从句)

He spoke rather slowly .

6. 她如此兴奋以至于不能入睡。(结果状语从句)

She was so excited ____________________________________________________.

7. 我很难相信父亲已经戒烟的这一事实。(同位语从句)

I can hardly believe the fact _____________________________________________.

8. 他缺席讲座的原因是他母亲生病了。(定语从句；表语从句)

The reason _______________________________ was __________________________.

9. 问题是我们能不能让这些外国朋友听懂我们的意思。(表语从句)

The problem is ___________ we can make ourselves ___________ by those foreign friends.

10. 无论谁违反了规则都应该受处罚。(主语从句)

______________________________________ should be punished.

11. 既然是你的过错，就应该向她道歉。(原因状语从句)

________________________________, you should make an apology to her.

12. 不管他怎么用功，总是赶不上其他同学。(让步状语从句)

_____________________________________, he cannot catch up with other students.

参考答案

句型(1)

翻译句子

1. My head aches.

2. My plan has changed.

3. The plan takes off at 7:30 pm.

4. I came from a well-educated family.

5. I got to Shanghai on the morning of February 8, 2011.

句型(2)

翻译句子

1. Unfortunately, I missed seeing the sight.

2. I expect to return to Guangzhou within a week.

3. I managed to finish my homework on time.

4. I can’t stand losing a close friend.

5. My uncle chose not to go abroad until later.

6. We are planning to go on a trip to Europe next month.

7. I couldn't help thinking about the past at the sight of my former maths teacher.

8. To save money I suggested going there on foot.

9. I should like hear others’ views.

10. I don’t feel like going to the movie.

11. I didn't want to risk being late for school.

12. I can't put off going to the dentist any longer.

句型(3)

翻译句子

1. My English teacher gave me several English novels.

2. My aunt bought me an MP3 Player on my birthday.

3. I sent Li Ming an e-mail last night.

4. I wrote my parents a long letter.

5. I lent my cousin the new English-Chinese dictionary the day before yesterday.

句型(4)

一、翻译句子

1. My grandfather named me an English name Sarah.

2. I found the sports magazine very interesting.

3. My grandparents encouraged me in my studies.

4. I advised my grandmother to stay in bed and rest.

5. I could feel my heart beating fast.

6. I’ve never heard the song sung.

7. My father expects me to do my best.

8. My cousins have invited me to spend the weekend with them.

二、完成句子

1. had, some, photos, taken, on, the 2. would, prefer, her, not, to change, her/the

3. remind, myself, to fill, with hopeful 4. noticed, a, sit/sitting, at, the, of, the

5. to invite, the, to, my, next, Saturday 6. pretended, not, to observe, climb, the

7. finally, persuaded, to go, the, with, me 8. name, is, but, friends, call, me

句型(5)

翻译句子

1. I am a senior 3 student

2. Nothing is impossible!

3. I am becoming increasingly anxious about the coming college entrance examinations.

4. My fear was proving completely wrong.

5. My face had gone red in the hot sun.

6. The future 'is looking good.

7. All my wishes will come true.

句型(6)

翻译句子

1. There is a lab building behind the main classroom building.

2. There are 22 boys and 23 girls in our class.

3. There will be a lecture in the meeting room tomorrow afternoon.

4. There used to be a well in the garden.

5. There's a bed, a table, and two chairs in this room.

基本句型的扩展(1)

[即学即用]

1. (1) way of communicating, way of learning, of working (2) not only, our way of working, but also, our way of thinking

2. (1) neither, nor did (2) Neither, nor, went

3. (1) both fame, wealth (2) talent, as well as fame

4. paid the bill, and, left

5. Either, or, has

6. rather than love

基本句型的扩展(2)

[即学即用]

1. in need, indeed

2. At the school opening ceremony, short but inspiring

3. To support the family

4. making friends

5. Many years ago, living

6. from Zhongshan University, on Friday afternoon

7. Chairman of the Committee

8. broken, anyway/anyhow

9. Laughed at by his classmates

10. to attend an international conference

基本句型的扩展(3)

[即学即用]

1. where/in which John’s father works

2. as soon as /the moment I get off the plane

3. that/which we spent together

4. who fails to reach the Great Wall

5. so that/in order that everyone could follow him

6. that she could not fall asleep

7. that my father has given up smoking

8. why he was absent from the lecture, that his mother was ill

9. whether, understood

10. Whoever breaks the regulations

11. Since/Now that it’s your fault

12. However hard he works/ No matter how hard he works