视频加载中...

Hi, everybody.

嗨，大家好。

Welcome back to www. engvid. com. I'm Adam.

欢迎回到。我是Adam。

In today's video we're going to look at the prepositions: "by" and "until".

在今天的视频中，我们将看到介词："by" 和"until" 。

We're going to look at the differences between them, and how to use them, and what specific meanings they each have.

我们来看看它们之间的区别，以及如何使用它们，它们各自有什么特殊含义。

We're also going to look at the expression: "by the time", as another way of using "by" or whatever situation, and this one: "no ________ than".

我们也会看到这个短语：“到时候”，作为另一种使用 "by" 或任何情况的方式，而这一点：“没有什么比”。

Now, the reason why I left this blank is because you can actually put quite a few words in there.

现在，我之所以留这个空白是因为你实际上可以填写很多词。

We're going to look specifically at: "no later than" to replace "by" and "until", but for now I want you to also understand that there's other uses for it, and I'll give you some examples of those.

我们将具体地看一下：“不迟于”取代“由”和“直到”，但现在我想让你们也明白，还有其他的用法，我会给你们一些例子。

Now, before I start I will say Emma did a very good lesson about "by" and "until".

现在，在开始之前，我想说艾玛对"by"和"to"上了很好的一课。

Mine is a little bit different because I'm going to show you some other situations where you will use one or the other.

我的有点不同，因为我要给你们展示会用到的一些其他的情况。

Okay?

好吗？

So we're going to start by figuring out: What's the difference between these two?

所以我们首先要搞清楚：这两者有什么区别？

So look at our example sentences.

看看我们的例句。

I'll get to our little time map in a second.

我一会儿就到我们的小时间图上去。

"I'll be at the office until noon.","I'll be at the office by noon."

“我会在办公室呆到中午。”，“中午之前我会在办公室。”

Now, first of all, let's assume the average workday is about. . .

现在，首先，让我们假设平均工作日是…

Is from 9 until about 5 o'clock, but I have some. . .

从9点到五点左右，但是我有一些…

I have some meetings in the afternoon so I will have to leave the office.

下午我有一些会议，所以我必须离开办公室。

But if you want to meet with me, I'll be there until noon.

但是如果你想和我见面，我会一直呆到中午。

What does that mean?

这意味着什么？

It means that I will arrive at the office at the usual time,9 o'clock, and I will stay there.

这意味着我将像平时一样在九点准时到达办公室，并且我会待在那。

So my stay at the office will continue until noon.

所以我在办公室的时间会一直持续到中午。

At noon I will leave.

中午我会离开。

Okay?

对吗？

So this is when we're using "until".

所以这就是我们使用"until" 的时候。

Now, before I get in. . .

现在，在我进去之前…

Into that again, let's look at the second one.

再看一遍，让我们看看第二个。

"I'll be at the office by noon."So, here, we're looking at somewhere in this time, but not later than noon I will arrive at the office.

“中午之前我会在办公室。”所以，在这里，我们现在正在看某个地方，但不迟于中午，我会到达办公室。

Okay?

对吗？

Now, what's the key difference between these two?

现在，这两者之间的主要区别是什么？

Well, one, something continues.

嗯，一件事，继续下去。

An action starts, continues, and it ends at that time mentioned after "until".

一个动作开始，继续，结束于“直到”之后提到的那个时候。

So both of them have an end time.

所以他们都有一个结束时间。

You could even say a deadline, but that's for other uses.

你甚至可以说一个最后期限，但那是有其他的用途。

There's an end time.

有一个结束的时间。

And that end time is noon.

那个结束时间是中午。

Okay?

对吗？

Something will happen at noon.

中午会发生点什么事。

Now, in the case of "by", it could happen before.

现在，在"by" 的情况下，它可能发生在以前。

In the case of "until", only one thing will happen.

在"until" 的情况下，只有一件事会发生。

But the key to remember: When we use "by", we're looking at a finite action.

但要记住关键是：当我们使用"by"时，我们看到的是一个有限的动作。

This arrive is a one-time thing.

这是一次性的事情。

Right?

对吗？

It'll. . .

它将会…

It can happen here, it could happen here, it could even happen here.

它可能发生在这里，它可能发生在这里，甚至可能发生在这里。

With "until" only here will I leave.

只有这里用"until" 我将会离开。

Okay?

好吗？

Now, what's the difference, another difference that we have to think about?

现在，有什么不同，我们需要考虑的另一个差异？

Is not only the continuance of an action and the finite situation of an action; here, we're looking at something ending.

不仅是行为的延续，也是行动的有限情形；在这里，我们正在寻找结局。

My time at the office will end.

我在办公室的时间将要结束。

Here, something can end or start.

在这里，一些东西可以结束或开始。

So if you want to meet me, I'll be in the office by noon, so you can meet me from noon until 5.

如果你想见我，我中午之前会在办公室，所以从中午到5点你可以来见我。

So the start time, the earliest time you can meet me is noon.

所以开始的时间，你能遇见我的最早的时间是中午。

The latest time you can meet me is just before noon because I'm leaving at noon.

你能遇见我的最迟的时间是刚好在中午之前，因为我正午会离开。

Right?

对吗？

So that's one thing to keep in mind.

所以这是我们要记住的一件事。

The. . .

这个。。。

Basically the implied situation.

基本上隐含的情况。

Now: "I'll be at the office by noon and I'll stay until 5."

现在：“中午之前我会在办公室，我会一直呆到5点。”

You can use both of them in one sentence.

你可以把它们都用在一个句子里。

Sometime in here I'll arrive, and then from 12 till 5,

有时我会到这里，然后从12点到5点，

I'll be at the office.

我会在办公室。

So, what's the key?

那么，关键是什么呢？

Now I hope you basically notice this.

现在我希望你们基本上都能注意到这一点。

What's the key difference in these two sentences, is it the preposition?

这两个句子的主要区别是什么？是介词吗？

Yes.

是的。

Different prepositions, different meanings.

不同的介词，不同的意义。

But what I hope you realize is that the difference is in the verb "be".

但我希望你们认识到，不同之处在于动词"be"。

Why?

为什么呢？

What does "be" mean here, and what does "be" mean here?

这里的"be"是什么意思，这里的"be"又是什么意思？

"Be. . . I'll be at the office until. . . Until noon", means I will stay at the office until noon.

“是……我会在办公室一直待到…直到中午”，意味着我将在办公室待到中午。

So this situation will continue.

因此，这种情况将继续下去。

Here,"be" means arrive.

这里，"be"意思是到达。

"I will arrive at the office by noon."So, one point here in this time. . .

“中午前我会到达办公室。”所以，这里有一点…

Timeframe I guess you could call it, something will happen.

我想你可以称之为时间框架，有些事将要发生。

Continued, finite.

连续的，有限的。

"Finite" means it's a one-time action and that's it, it's finished.

“有限”意味着它是一次性的动作，就这样，它完成了。

So that's a very important thing to remember with "by".

所以记住用"by" 是一个非常重要的事情。

Okay?

好吗？

"By", and we also think about: "at","on", or "before".

"By"，我们也会想到："at","on",或者"before"。

So,"at" for time.

所以，"at"用于时间。

This is a little review of prepositions.

这是对介词的一点复习。

"At 5 o'clock","on Friday","on day", so: "At 5 o'clock or before.",

“在五点钟”，“在星期五”，“在白天”，所以：“在五点或之前。”，

"At noon or before.","On Friday or before."Okay?

“在中午或之前，”“在星期五或之前”，好吗？

"Until". . .

“直到”…

Now, we don't use this preposition "to", but something continues to the end time.

现在，我们不使用这个介词"to"，但有些东西会持续到最后的时间。

Okay?

好吗？

So that's one way. . .

所以这是一种方式…

Another way of thinking about these two in terms of: What's the difference?

另一种思维方式的两个主要方面：有什么差别吗？

"By" or "before" continue "to".

"By"或者"before"继续到"to".

Okay?

好吗？

We're going to look at a few more samples, and you'll get a better idea of when to use "by", when to use "until".

我们再多看几个例子，你会更好地了解何时使用"by"，何时使用"until"。

Okay, so let's look at some more examples and I want to come back to this idea of finite actions.

好的，让我们再看几个例子，我想回到这个有限行动的想法。

Okay?

好吗？

"Finish" is a finite action.

“完成”是一个有限的动作。

Now, just to clarify, again: What does "finite" mean?

现在，再澄清一下：“有限”是什么意思？

It means it's a very limited time.

这意味着这是一个非常有限的时间。

It doesn't go on for a long time.

这种情况不会持续很长时间。

So if you're going to finish your homework, it means last question answered, done, finished.

所以，如果你要完成你的家庭作业，那意味着最后一个问题的回答，做完，完成。

You can't be finishing for a long time because the verb "finish" doesn't extend; it's done or it's not done.

你不能完成很长一段时间，因为动词“完成”没有扩展；已经完成了，还是没有完成。

Right?

对吗？

So: "I'll finish my homework until 5."Now, a lot of people will say this, they will write this, but technically it's not correct.

所以：“我会在5点之前完成我的作业。”现在，很多人会这样说，他们会写这个，但技术上是不正确的。

"I'll finish my homework by 5." is okay because it's a one-time situation and it'll happen at 5 or before, at some point in that time.

“我将在5点之前完成作业。”还好，因为它是一次性的情况，它会发生在5或之前，在那个时候的某个时间点。

So, how would you fix the first sentence?

那么，第一个句子是怎么处理的呢？

Two ways.

两种方式。

One: "I'll finish my homework at 5."That's one way.

一个是：“我5点完成作业。”这是一个办法。

If you know you're going to be done at 5 you can say that.

如果你知道你将在5点完成，你可以这么说。

But the better thing to do is to change the verb, make it a non-finite verb.

但最好的办法是改变动词，让它成为一个非谓语动词。

"I'll work on my homework until 5."Means work, work, work, time goes on, work, work, work, time goes on,5 o'clock, okay, I'm done.

“我要写作业到5点。”意思是工作，工作，工作，时间继续，工作，工作，工作，时间继续，五点，好了，我做完了。

Finished, not finished, not important.

完成了，没有完成，不重要。

If you finished, great.

如果你完成了，很好。

If you didn't finish, that's fine. 5 o'clock is your end time, then you will finish later if you didn't finish by 5.

如果你没有完成，也没事。五点是你的结束时间，如果你没有在5点完成的话，之后你会很快完成的。

Okay.

好的。

Now, another thing to keep in mind: We can use both prepositions with any tense.

现在，另一件事要牢记：我们可以在任何时态使用两个介词。

You can talk about the past, you can talk about the future.

你可以谈论过去，你可以谈论未来。

But when we're using perfect tenses, we use the "by" preposition.

但是，当我们使用完成时态时，我们用的介词是"by"。

Let's look at examples.

让我们来看一下例子。

"I'll have completed my tasks by 5 o'clock.""Will have completed", this is your future perfect.

“我将在五点之前完成我的任务。”“已经完成”。这是你的将来完成时。

The future perfect often makes use of "by".

将来完成时常常使用"by"。

Okay?

对吗？

We can also talk about the past perfect.

我们也可以谈一谈过去完成时。

Now, here, I'm starting to introduce: "By the time".

现在，在这里，我要开始介绍：“到时候”。

"By the time" has the exact same use or the exact same function as "by", except that now instead of saying: "By 5 o'clock","By Tuesday","By next year", I'm giving you a more general time.

“到时候”具有与"by"完全相同的用法或完全相同的功能，除了那个，现在不再是说：“到五点”，“到星期二”，“到明年”，我将要给你一个更一般的时间。

And then I'm identifying that time.

然后我在确定那个时间。

Right?

对吗？

So I can be more generic. . .

所以我可以更一般化…

General.

普遍。

I can say anything.

我能说什么。

"By the time we're through", I don't have to give you a specific time,

“到我们结束的时候”，我不必给你一个特定的时间，

I can give you a specific situation.

我可以给你一个具体的情境。

"By the time he arrived", so now the time is when this action happened.

“在他到达的时候”，现在是行动的时候了。

What time of the day?

一天几点？

I don't know.

我不知道。

Not important.

那不重要。

"By the time he arrived", so I have my adjective clause to identify the time, and then I have my next clause: "She had already left."So, because at this time he arrived. . .

“他到达的时候”，所以我有我的定语从句来确定时间，然后我有了下一句：“她已经走了。”因为，这时他到了…

"By this time" means at this time or before.

“此时”意味着此时此刻。

Right?

对吗？

So if it happened before,

如果以前发生过，

I must use the past perfect to show the relationship in time.

我必须用过去完成时来表达时间的关系。

Okay?

好吗？

By the time he arrived, she had already left.

当他到达时，她已经走了。

"I'll have completed my tasks by 5 o'clock."So 5 o'clock, they're done.

“我五点之前就完成任务了。”所以五点，他们做完了。

Okay.

好的。

Let's look at "until" just to show you there could be past, or present, future, etc. "She waited in the lobby until he arrived."So she waited, waited, waited, waited, waited.

让我们来看看"until"只是想让你知道过去,现在或未来，等等。“她在大厅里等着，直到他来。”于是她等，等，等，等，等。

Oh, there he is.

哦，他在那儿。

So, again, you don't have to use a specific time.

所以，再有，你不必使用特定的时间。

You can use an actual clause, and then there. . .

你可以使用一个实际子句，然后在那里…

This is therefore a clause marker, an adverb clause marker, subordinate clause.

这是一个子句标记，副词子句标记，从句。

"Until he arrives, she. . .""She can", this is an "n". ". . . she can wait in the lobby. Until he arrives, she can. . ." so we have a present.

“直到他到达，她……”“她可以“，这是一个"n" 。“……她可以在大厅里等。直到他到达，她才能……”所以我们有一个现在时。

"Until he arrives," keep in mind this is still an adverb clause now we're looking at.

“直到他来，”请记住，这仍然是副词从句，现在我们来看。

You can't use "by" as a clause marker, as an adverb clause, but you can use: "By the time" with an adjective clause or "until" with an adverb clause.

你不能用“be”作为子句标记，作为副词子句，但你可以用：“到时候”跟定语从句或者“直到”跟副词子句。

"Until he arrives, she will wait in the lobby."Present simple, future.

“直到他到达，她会在大厅里等着。”一般现在时，未来时。

Again, think about when.

再想一想什么时候。

When he arrives, she will have been waiting in the thing for five hours.

当他到达的时候，她已经等了五个小时了。

You can also use the perfect with "until", but then you have to specify the time period.

你也可以用“直到”表达完成时，但另一方面是你必须指定时间段。

When you're using perfect, go with the "by", more common.

当你使用完成式时，与"by"一起，更常见。

Use "until" as an adverb clause conjunction.

使用"until" 作为副词从句连词。

That's another big difference between these two.

这是两者之间的另一大区别。

"By" always a preposition.

"By" 总是作为一个介词。

"Until" can be a preposition or a conjunction for an adverb clause, so that's important to understand as well.

"Until" 可以是副词子句的介词或连词，所以理解也是很重要的。

So now we're going to look at expressions that we can use to replace these in case we're ever not sure.

所以现在我们来看看可以用来替换的这些表达，以防我们不确定。

Okay?

好吗？

Okay, so let's do a little bit of review before we look at some other expressions.

好的。因此，让我们做一些复习，然后再看一些其他的表达方式。

Before I want to do anything else, actually, I want to mention "until".

在我想做任何事情之前，实际上，我想提到"until"。

You might notice in many situations people using the word "till" or sometimes they'll use like an abbreviation: "'til".

你可能注意到在很多情况下，人们使用"till"这个词，有时他们会用缩写："'til"。

"Till" is a little more common,"'til" is a bit more common in American English.

"Till" 有点常见，"'til" 在美式英语中更为常见。

Personally, there's only one letter difference, like one, two, three, four;one, two, three, four, five.

就个人而言，只有一个字母差异，比如一，二，三，四；一，二，三，四，五。

Just write "until".

就只写"until"。

If you're not sure, use "until" in your writing.

如果你不确定，在你的写作中就使用"until" 。

In spoken English: "till","'til", both okay.

在口语中："till","'til",都可以。

In written English go with "until".

用书面英语中用"until" 。

Now, let's review this: "By the time".

现在，让我们回顾一下：“到时候”。

We use "by the time" plus an adjective clause to identify which time.

我们用“到时候”加形容词子句来确定哪一个时间。

So we can have two options.

所以我们可以有两种选择。

I can say: "By the end of the lesson. . .", like let's say we're having a lesson now, so: "By the end of this lesson, you will have learned about 'by', 'until'."

我可以说：“到课的最后……”比如说，我们现在正在上课，所以：“在这节课结束的时候，你会学到'by' ,'until' 。”

Or: "By the time"-which time? -"that we are done, you will have learned about 'by' and 'until'."So, there are two ways to use "by".

或者：“到时候”——哪一次？-“我们已经完成了，你会学到‘通过’和‘直到’。”所以，有两种方法使用"by" 。

The thing to remember is when you use: "By the time", make sure to identify which time.

要记住的是，当你使用：“到时候”，务必确定哪个时间。

If you have a specific time. . .

如果你有一个特定的时间…

"End of the lesson" means this particular time when the lesson is finished, and then go on with your next clause saying what will have happened then or before.

“课末”指的是上课结束时的特定时间，然后继续你的下一句话，说之后会发生什么或之前发生过什么。

Maybe you already understand "by" and "until", in which case, good stuff.

也许你已经理解了“由”和“直到”，在这种情况下，好东西。

Now, another thing I want to look at: "I'll be done by 7.",

现在，我想说的另一件事是：“我将在7点之前完成。”，

"I'll be done no later than 7."What's the difference in these two meanings?

“我不会迟于7点完成。”这两个意思有什么区别？

Nothing.

没有什么。

We can use: "no later than" as a replacement for "by".

我们可以用：“不迟于”作为代替“由”。

Now, why am I showing you this?

现在，为什么我要给你看这个？

If you're ever in a situation where you're writing and you're not exactly sure if you should use "by" or "until", and you don't want to make a mistake, maybe on a test or whatever the situation, here's another option.

如果你曾经处于写东西的境地，并且你不确定是否应该使用"by"或"until"，而且你不想犯错误，也许在考试或任何情况下，这是另一种选择。

"No later than" means this is the absolute latest time, so this time or before.

“不迟”意味着这绝对是最迟的时间，所以是在这个时间或之前。

It basically means the same thing as "by".

它基本上和"by"的意思相同。

Okay?

对吗？

And again, I'm still using a finite verb in this case.

而且，在这种情况下，我仍然使用一个限定动词。

"When are you working until?"So I'm asking: When is the. . . ?

“你什么时候工作？”所以我问：什么时候…？

When are you ending your work? "7 at the latest."This is another expression, but be careful with it because some people say: "Oh, I'm working until 7 at the latest.","Until 7" means 7 is the latest, so "at the latest" becomes redundant.

你什么时候结束工作？“最晚7点。”这是另一种表达，但是要小心，因为有人说：“哦，我最迟工作到7点。”，“到7点”表示7点是最迟的，所以“最迟”就多余了。

If you're going to use this expression, don't use "until".

如果你要使用这种表达，不要使用“直到”。

If you're going to use "until", don't use this added expression.

如果你要使用“直到”，不要使用这个附加的表达。

And: "I'll be there. . ."Now, we can go the opposite way.

然后：“我会在那里……”现在，我们可以走相反的道路。

We can talk about earlier: "no earlier than".

我们可以较早地谈论：“不早于”。

So: "no later than" means end time;"no earlier than" means beginning time.

所以：“不迟于”意味着结束时间；“不早于”意味着开始时间。

Do you remember that graph we looked at before when I said "by" could be an end or a start?

你还记得我们以前说过的“当”是一个结束还是一个开始？

Well, that's where we have this.

好吧，这就是我们所拥有的。

The key to remember is that when we turn it around to use "by" or "until", then we're going to basically go with the opposite verb, like negative or positive.

要记住的关键是，当我们把它翻过来用"by"或"until"时，我们基本上会用到相反的动词，比如否定或肯定。

"I'll be there no earlier than noon.","I won't be there by noon.",

“我不会在中午之前赶到那里。”,“我中午以前不会到那儿去。”,

"I won't be there until noon."So "by noon" means noon or before I won't show up.

“我中午以前不会在那儿。”所以“到中午”意味着中午或者我还没露面之前。

"I won't be there until noon."At noon I will arrive and continue.

“我中午以前不会到那儿去。”中午我会来继续。

Okay?

对吗？

So the "won't be" will continue until noon.

所以“不会”会持续到中午。

The "won't be" will continue. . .

“不会”会继续下去…

Will be from noon or before.

将到中午或之前。

And again, different meaning to the verb "be", but you can use: "no earlier than", "no later than".

再有，对动词"be"的含义不同，但你可以使用：“不早于”，“不迟于”。

You can also use these.

你也可以使用这些。

These are basically minimizers and maximizers, this expression.

这些基本上是最小化器和最大化器，这种表达。

"No later than", maximum.

“不迟于”，最大。

"No earlier than", minimum in terms of time.

“不早于”，在时间上最小。

You can use other expressions, you can use: "No sooner than", basically means the same as earlier.

可以使用其他的表达方式，你可以使用：“不迟于”。基本上和前面一样。

You can say: "No more than", means a maximum amount or a maximum number.

你可以说：“不超过”，意思是最大数额或最大数量。

"No less than" or "no fewer than" means a minimum.

“不少于”或“不少于”表示最小值。

So, these are good to have for time, but just so you understand, they're applicable to basically everything;numbers, quantities, time, situations, etc. So,

所以，这些对于时间是很好，但你可以理解，它们基本上适用于所有事物；数目、数量、时间、情况等等。所以，

I hope that all of this helped you understand how to use "by","until","by the time", and "no later than".

我希望所有这些能帮助你理解如何使用“到”，“直到”“到时候”和 “不迟于”。

I hope you enjoyed this lesson.

我希望你喜欢这一课。

Please subscribe to my YouTube channel if you did.

如果你愿意的话请订阅我的YouTube频道。

If you have any questions, please go to www. engvid. com, join the forum and ask me the questions you have.

如果你有任何问题，请到engvid网站，加入论坛有什么问题可以问我。

I'll be happy to try to answer them.

我很乐意回答。

There's also. . .

还有…

There's also a quiz at www. engvid. com. Take the quiz, make sure you understand which one of these expressions to use based on the context.

还有一个在www. engvid.com的问答游戏。参加测验，请确保理解基于上下文的用的这些表达中的哪一个。

And, of course, come back again soon, see us again, we'll have more great lessons for you, and I'll see ya then.

当然，我们很快又会回来，再见，我们会为你们带来更好的课程，到时候见。

Bye.

拜。