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Python TCP 协议网络编程学习笔记

IT智能化专栏 268

前言:

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TCP协议介绍TCP协议,传输控制协议(英语:Transmission Control Protocol,缩写为 TCP)TCP是一种面向连接的、可靠的、基于字节流的传输层通信协议。TCP通信需要经过创建连接、数据传送、终止连接三个步骤。TCP通信模型中,在通信开始之前,一定要先建立相关的链接,才能发送数据,类似于生活中,"打电话",而UDP类似于生活中的"发短信"。

TCP三次握手首先Client(客户)端发送连接请求报文(第一次握手)。Server(服务器)端接受连接后回复ACK报文(第二次握手),并为这次连接分配资源。Client端接收到ACK报文后也向Server段发生ACK报文(第三次握手),并分配资源,这样TCP连接就建立了。

详细三次握手过程如下:

第一次握手:起初两端都处于CLOSED关闭状态,Client将标志位SYN置为1,随机产生一个值seq=x,并将该数据包发送给Server,Client进入SYN-SENT状态,等待Server确认;

第二次握手:Server收到数据包后由标志位SYN=1得知Client请求建立连接,Server将标志位SYN和ACK都置为1,ack=x+1,随机产生一个值seq=y,并将该数据包发送给Client以确认连接请求,Server进入SYN-RCVD状态,此时操作系统为该TCP连接分配TCP缓存和变量;

第三次握手:Client收到确认后,检查ack是否为x+1,ACK是否为1,如果正确则将标志位ACK置为1,ack=y+1,并且此时操作系统为该TCP连接分配TCP缓存和变量,并将该数据包发送给Server,Server检查ack是否为y+1,ACK是否为1,如果正确则连接建立成功,Client和Server进入ESTABLISHED状态,完成三次握手,随后Client和Server就可以开始传输数据。

TCP四次挥手

客户端主动发起请求,服务端被动关闭。

首先是client向server发起断开连接请求,server响应client等会儿断开,server响应client可以断开了,client告知server已经断开链接。

详细过程如下:

第一次挥手:起初client和server处于ESTABLISHED状态——client发出连接释放报文段并处于FIN-WAIT-1状态

第二次挥手:server发出确认报文段且进入CLOSE-WAIT状态——A收到确认后。

第三次挥手:client进入FIN-WAIT-2状态,等待server的连接释放报文段。

第四次挥手:server没有要向client发出的数据,server就发出连接释放报文段且进入LAST-ACK状态——client发出确认报文段且进入TIME-WAIT状态——server收到确认报文段后进入CLOSED状态——client经过等待计时器时间2MSL后,进入CLOSED状态。

TCP服务端创建流程socket创建一个套接字bind绑定ip和portlisten使套接字变为可以被动链接accept等待客户端的链接recv/send接收发送数据

 1server.py文件内容如下: 2 3from socket import socket,SOCK_STREAM,AF_INET #导入模块 4def tcp_server(): 5    tcp_server_socket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM) #创建TCP服务端套接字对接,UDP是SOCK_DGRAM 6    server_address=('127.0.0.1',8888)#定义本TCP服务端的ip and port 7    tcp_server_socket.bind(server_address) #绑定本机的8888端口 8    tcp_server_socket.listen() #执行监听 9    client_socket,client_info = tcp_server_socket.accept() #接收客户端的socker and info10    data=client_socket.recv(1024)#接收客户端发过来的消息11    print("the data is:%s, it's from %s",(client_info,data.decode("utf-8")))#打印客户端的消息12    client_socket.close()#关闭客户端的连接13    tcp_server_socket.close()#关闭服务端的连接1415if __name__ == '__main__':16    print("the TCP server is running ...")17    tcp_server()18192021client.py文件内容如下:22from socket import socket,SOCK_STREAM,AF_INET #导入模块23def tcp_client():24    tcp_client_socket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM) #创建TCP客户端套接字对接25    server_address=('127.0.0.1',8888)#定义本TCP服务端的ip and port26    tcp_client_socket.connect(server_address) #连接到服务端27    message="hello my name is tony" #定义要发送的消息28    tcp_client_socket.send(message.encode("utf-8"))#向服务端发送消息29    tcp_client_socket.close()#关闭客户端的连接303132if __name__ == '__main__':33    print("the TCP client is running ...")34    tcp_client()35    print("the message was send")

输出内容为:

1#server.py文件输出内容如下:2the TCP server is running ...3the data is:%s, it's from %s (('127.0.0.1', 50929), 'hello my name is tony')456#client.py文件输出内容如下:7the TCP client is running ...8the message was send

改进上面代码使Server和Client可以互相交流沟通,server.py与client.py文件内容是具体的实现代码。

server.py文件内容:

 1from socket import socket,SOCK_STREAM,AF_INET #导入模块 2def tcp_server(): 3    tcp_server_socket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM) #创建TCP服务端套接字对接,UDP是SOCK_DGRAM 4    server_address=('127.0.0.1',8888)#定义本TCP服务端的ip and port 5    tcp_server_socket.bind(server_address) #绑定本机的8888端口 6    tcp_server_socket.listen() #执行监听 7    client_socket,client_info = tcp_server_socket.accept() #接收客户端的socker and info 8    while 1: 9        data=client_socket.recv(1024)#接收客户端发过来的消息10        print("the client say:",data)#打印客户端发送过来的信息11        server_answer=input('>>>')#从键盘录入信息12        client_socket.send(server_answer.encode("utf-8"))1314if __name__ == '__main__':15    print("the TCP server is running ...")16    tcp_server()

步骤如下:

导入模块建立TCP socket连接绑定ip 和 port启动监听等待accept一直循环接收客户端的请求打印客户端的消息输入消息并回复给客户端client.py文件内容:

 1from socket import socket,SOCK_STREAM,AF_INET #导入模块 2def tcp_client(): 3    tcp_client_socket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM) #创建TCP客户端套接字对接 4    server_address=('127.0.0.1',8888)#定义本TCP服务端的ip and port 5    tcp_client_socket.connect(server_address) #连接到服务端 6    while 1: 7        message=input("client>>>") #定义要发送的消息 8        tcp_client_socket.send(message.encode("utf-8"))#向服务端发送消息 9        response=tcp_client_socket.recv(1024)10        print("the server say:",response.decode("utf-8"))1112if __name__ == '__main__':13    print("the TCP client is running ...")14    tcp_client()15    print("the message was send")

步骤如下:

导入模块建立TCP socket连接连接到服务端监听的ip 和 port一直循环输入消息并发送给服务端接收服务端返回的消息打印服务端返回的消息Server and Client 对应的输出:

1client console output:2the TCP client is running ...3client>>>hello tony4the server say: hello jack5client>>>how are you6the server say: i'm fine7client>>>8
Server Console 对应的输出:
1the TCP server is running ...2the client say: b'hello tony'3>>>hello jack4the client say: b'how are you'5>>>i'm fine

增加当服务器重启后客户端不挂掉,客户端能够重试连接服务端的功能。

代码实现如下:

server.py文件内容如下

 1from socket import socket,SOCK_STREAM,AF_INET #导入模块 2 3def tcp_server(): 4    tcp_server_socket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM) #创建TCP服务端套接字对接,UDP是SOCK_DGRAM 5    server_address=('127.0.0.1',9999)#定义本TCP服务端的ip and port 6    tcp_server_socket.bind(server_address) #绑定本机的9999端口 7    tcp_server_socket.listen() #执行监听 8    client_socket,client_info = tcp_server_socket.accept() #接收客户端的socker and info 9    while 1:10        data=client_socket.recv(1024)#接收客户端发过来的消息11        datas=data.decode("utf-8")12        if(len(datas)>1):13            print("the client say:",datas)#打印客户端发送过来的信息14            if(datas=="bye"):15                break16            server_answer=input('>>>')#从键盘录入信息17            client_socket.send(server_answer.encode("utf-8"))1819if __name__ == '__main__':20    print("the TCP server is running ...")21    tcp_server()

client.py文件内容如下

 1import time 2 3from socket import socket,SOCK_STREAM,AF_INET #导入模块 4 5 6def connection_socket(): 7    tcp_client_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)  # 创建TCP客户端套接字对接 8    server_address = ('127.0.0.1', 9999)  # 定义本TCP服务端的ip and port 9    try:10        tcp_client_socket.connect(server_address)  # 连接到服务端11    except:12        print("connection failed!!!")13        exit(0)14    return tcp_client_socket1516def tcp_client():17    while 1:18        try:19            tcp_client_socket=connection_socket()20            message=input("client>>>") #定义要发送的消息21            print("the message is:",message)22            print(tcp_client_socket)23            tcp_client_socket.send(message.encode("utf-8"))#向服务端发送消息24            response=tcp_client_socket.recv(1024)25            print("the server say:",response.decode("utf-8"))26        except:27            tcp_client_socket.close()#关闭原有socket连接28            print("the socket connection is failed, try again to reconnection...")29            time.sleep(3)3031if __name__ == '__main__':32    print("the TCP client is running ...")33    tcp_client()34    print("the message was send")

client console output:

 1the TCP client is running ... 2 3client>>>abc 4the message is: abc 5<socket.socket fd=200, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET, type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, laddr=('127.0.0.1', 55699), raddr=('127.0.0.1', 9999)> 6the server say: def 7 8client>>>aa 9the message is: aa10<socket.socket fd=1888, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET, type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, laddr=('127.0.0.1', 55700), raddr=('127.0.0.1', 9999)>11the socket connection is failed, try again to reconnection...1213client>>>abc14the message is: abc15<socket.socket fd=1888, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET, type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, laddr=('127.0.0.1', 55703), raddr=('127.0.0.1', 9999)>16the server say: def17client>>>

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