（一）简单句的变化

已知英语中的五大基本句型如下：

l 主——谓——补(SVC)结构

l 主——谓( SV)结构

l 主——谓——宾(SVO)结构

l 主——谓——宾——宾(SVOO)结构

l 主——谓——宾——补(SVOC)结构

而在平常阅读中，我们会发现主语、宾语和表语并不局限于名词（或名词短语）以及代词的形式，这便是简单句的变化。常见的简单句变化形式分为以下三类：

1. 名词（或名词短语）、代词或数词充当句子的主语、宾语或表语；

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. 所有这一切导致了信任危机。

One plus two is three. 一加二等于三。

Let me introduce myself. 让我介绍一下我自己。

2. doing短语充当句子的主语、宾语或表语；

Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。

Having a healthy lifestyle involves following a balanced diet.

养成健康的生活方式需均衡饮食。

3. to do短语充当句子的主语、宾语或表语。

To repair bicycles was his job. 修理自行车是他的工作。

It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today.

（it作形式主语，to do作真正主语）

All the students want to pass exams. 所有学生都想通过考试。

The brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time.

大脑发现让所有气味接收器一直工作会效率低下。（it作形式宾语，to do作真正主语）

My dream is to travel around the world. 我的梦想是环游世界。

（二）简单句的拓展

在英语中，基本句型可拓展为各式各样复杂的句型，从而表达更为丰富的意义。而句子拓展主要有以下两种手段：

1. 利用分句的并列拓展句子，在分句之间增添并列连词。如：

例1：He was a handicapped child (残疾儿童), but he persevered in his studies, and later he became a well-known scholar. 他是个残疾儿童，但是他坚持学习，之后他成了一位著名的学者。

The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. （2002 Part B）

2. 增加修饰成分或利用从句拓展句子

（1）增加定语修饰成分，包括形容词、v-ing、v-ed、介词短语和to do短语

例1：Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. （2002完型）

例2：The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail.

例3：There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. （2000 Text2）

例4：We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. （2000 Text3）

例5：Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively.（2004 Text2）

（2）增加同位语修饰成分

例1：Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. (2003 Text1)

例2：Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.（2004 Text4）

（3）增加状语修饰成分，表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、方式、让步、比较或伴随；

例1：Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.（2002 Text1）

例2：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.（2000 翻译）

例3：With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. （2004 Text1）

例4：At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.（2008 Text3）

（4）增加插入语，通常为副词、介词短语或表示某人态度观点的主谓结构

例1：The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. （2003 Text1）

（5）利用名词性从句

例1：Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.（2002 Text1）

例2：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. （2006 Text3）

例3：What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.（2002 Text2）

例4：One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.（2003 Text2）

（6）利用定语从句

例1：The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.（2003 Text1）

（7）利用状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、结果或让步

例1：If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.（2002 Text1）

了解简单句的变化与拓展，能够帮助大家更透彻理解英汉双语的句法差异，在之后长难句的识解过程中迅速提炼出句子主干，并且在一定程度上提升阅读速度。