Explanations of pattern recognition 模式识别的解释

Pattern recognition involves making sense of and identifying the objects we see. This topic is closely related to perception, which explains how the sensory inputs we receive are made meaningful.

模式识别涉及对我们所看到的物体进行理解和识别。这个话题与感知密切相关，它解释了我们收到的感官输入是如何变得有意义的。

Two explanations for how we perceive objects are the template matching hypothesis and the feature detection model.

对我们如何感知物体的两种解释是模板匹配假说和特征检测模型。

A template is a pattern used to produce items of the same proportions. The template-matching hypothesis suggests that incoming stimuli are compared with templates in the long term memory. If there is a match, the stimulus is identified.

模板是一种用于产生相同比例的物品的模式。模板匹配假说认为，传入的刺激物与长期记忆中的模板进行比较。如果有一个匹配，刺激就会被识别。

For example the letter A may appear in many forms 例如，字母A可能以许多形式出现 :

Either all possible forms have their own template or, with a little 'tweaking', all of the patterns can match one template for the letter A. However, sometimes patterns are ambiguous and fit a template for another class of patterns:

要么所有可能的形式都有自己的模板，要么只要稍加 "调整"，所有的图案都能与字母A的一个模板相匹配。然而，有时图案是模糊的，符合另一类图案的模板：

Feature detection models, such as the Pandemonium system for classifying letters (Selfridge, 1959), suggest that the stimuli are broken down into their component parts for identification. For example, an E has three horizontal lines and one vertical line.

特征检测模型，如用于字母分类的Pandemonium系统（Selfridge, 1959），建议将刺激物分解成其组成部分进行识别。例如，一个E有三条水平线和一条垂直线。

This explanation is less rigid than the template model and allows for a degree of variation in the stimuli. However, this greater flexibility means that the stimuli must be limited to letters. If this were not the case, we would identify any pattern with three horizontal and one vertical lines as an E.

这种解释没有模板模型那么僵硬，允许刺激物有一定程度的变化。然而，这种更大的灵活性意味着刺激物必须限于字母。如果不是这样，我们就会把任何有三条横线和一条竖线的图案识别为E。

Biological mechanisms and pattern recognition 生物学机制和模式识别

Evidence from Hubel & Wiesel provides biological support for the feature detection model. Cells in the part of the cerebral cortex devoted to visual information are sensitive to a range of lines with differing orientations. These cells have been called feature detectors.

Hubel和Wiesel的证据为特征检测模型提供了生物学支持。大脑皮层中专门处理视觉信息的部分的细胞对一系列不同方向的线条敏感。这些细胞被称为特征检测器。

Feature detectors were found by using microelectrodes to measure the activity of neurons in the brains of anaesthetised monkeys and cats whilst bar shaped visual stimuli were being presented.

当条形视觉刺激呈现时，用微电极测量被麻醉的猴子和猫的大脑中神经元的活动，从而发现了特征检测器。

Feature detectors provide good evidence for pattern recognition having a biological basis. These experimental techniques cannot be used in humans so the results are generalised. However, the fact that humans are more likely to confuse letters that have similar features (for example, 'b' and 'd' rather than 'b' and 'z') suggests that feature detectors may be at work.

特征检测器为模式识别具有生物基础提供了良好的证据。这些实验技术不能用在人类身上，所以结果是概括性的。然而，人类更有可能混淆具有相似特征的字母（例如，"b "和 "d "而不是 "b "和 "z"），这一事实表明，特征检测器可能在起作用。

Context and pattern recognition 语境和模式识别

Biological explanations of pattern recognition do not account for the effect of context on perception. In other words, our own expectations and knowledge can influence our perception of patterns. This has been called top-down processing (whereas perception based on features of the stimuli is a bottom-up process).

对模式识别的生物学解释并没有考虑到背景对感知的影响。换句话说，我们自己的期望和知识可以影响我们对模式的感知。这被称为自上而下的处理（而基于刺激物特征的知觉是自下而上的过程）。

Evidence that context influences perception comes from Palmer (1975). He presented participants with pictures of familiar scenes and then briefly flashed a picture of an object. If the object fitted with the context of the scene, identification was very good. However, participants performed poorly if the object was not related to the scene.

背景影响感知的证据来自于Palmer（1975）。他向参与者展示了熟悉场景的图片，然后简短地闪现了一个物体的图片。如果该物体符合场景的背景，识别效果就非常好。然而，如果该物体与场景没有关系，参与者的表现就很差。

Scene 场景:

Object 物体 :

Identification 鉴定 ?

Bedroom 卧室

Alarm clock 闹钟

Very good 非常好

Bathroom 卫生间

Spade 铲子

Very bad 非常糟糕

This suggests that people's expectations influence their ability to perceive objects.

这表明，人们的期望会影响他们感知物体的能力。

The evidence suggests that the process of pattern recognition involves elements of both bottom-up and top-down processes. The two processes combine to help us to perceive stimuli quickly and to select what is most likely if patterns are ambiguous.

证据表明，模式识别的过程涉及自下而上和自上而下过程的要素。这两个过程结合在一起，帮助我们快速感知刺激物，并在模式模糊的情况下选择最可能的东西。