上周的暑期生信黑马培训有老师提出要做SOM分析，最后卡在code plot只能出segment plot却出不来line plot。查了下，没看到解决方案。今天看了下源码，设置了一个参数，得到趋势图。也顺便学习了SOM分析的整个过程，整理下来，以备以后用到。

SOM分析基本理论

SOM (Self-Organizing Feature Map,自组织特征图)是基于神经网络方式的数据矩阵和可视化方式。与其它类型的中心点聚类算法如K-means等相似，SOM也是找到一组中心点 (又称为codebook vector)，然后根据最相似原则把数据集的每个对象映射到对应的中心点。在神经网络术语中，每个神经元对应于一个中心点。

与K-means类似，数据集中的每个对象每次处理一个，判断最近的中心点，然后更新中心点。与K-means不同的是，SOM中中心点之间存在拓扑形状顺序，在更新一个中心点的同时，邻近的中心点也会随着更新，直到达到设定的阈值或中心点不再有显著变化。最终获得一系列的中心点 (codes)隐式地定义多个簇，与这个中心点最近的对象归为同一个簇。

SOM强调簇中心点之间的邻近关系，相邻的簇之间相关性更强，更有利于解释结果，常用于可视化网络数据或基因表达数据。

Even though SOM is similar to K-means, there is a fundamental difference. Centroids used in SOM have a predetermined topographic ordering relationship. During the training process, SOM uses each data point to update the closest centroid and centroids that are nearby in the topographic ordering. In this way, SOM produces an ordered set of centroids for any given data set. In other words, the centroids that are close to each other in the SOM grid are more closely related to each other than to the centroids that are farther away. Because of this constraint, the centroids of a two-dimensional SOM can be viewed as lying on a two-dimensional surface that tries to fit the n-dimensional data as well as possible. The SOM centroids can also be thought of as the result of a nonlinear regression with respect to the data points. At a high level, clustering using the SOM technique consists of the steps described in Algorithm below:

1: Initialize the centroids.2: repeat3:     Select the next object.4:     Determine the closest centroid to the object.5:     Update this centroid and the centroids that are close, i.e., in a specified neighborhood.6: until The centroids don't change much or a threshold is exceeded.7: Assign each object to its closest centroid and return the centroids and clusters.

SOM分析实战

下面是R中用kohonen包进行基因表达数据的SOM分析。

加载或安装包

### LOAD LIBRARIES - install with:#install.packages(c("kohonen")library(kohonen)

读入数据并进行标准化

data <- read.table("ehbio_trans.Count_matrix.xls", row.names=1, header=T, sep="\t")# now train the SOM using the Kohonen method# 标准化数据data_train_matrix <- as.matrix(t(scale(t(data))))names(data_train_matrix) <- names(data)head(data_train_matrix)

untrt_N61311 untrt_N052611 untrt_N080611 untrt_N061011 trt_N61311ENSG00000223972    1.6201852    -0.5400617    -0.5400617    -0.5400617 -0.5400617ENSG00000227232   -1.0711639     1.0274429     0.6776751     0.8525590 -1.2460478ENSG00000278267   -1.6476479     1.3480756     0.1497862     0.7489309 -0.4493585ENSG00000237613    2.4748737    -0.3535534    -0.3535534    -0.3535534 -0.3535534ENSG00000238009   -0.3535534    -0.3535534    -0.3535534    -0.3535534  2.4748737ENSG00000268903   -0.7020086     0.9025825    -0.7020086    -0.7020086 -0.7020086trt_N052611 trt_N080611 trt_N061011ENSG00000223972   1.6201852  -0.5400617  -0.5400617ENSG00000227232  -1.2460478   0.5027912   0.5027912ENSG00000278267   0.7489309   0.1497862  -1.0485032ENSG00000237613  -0.3535534  -0.3535534  -0.3535534ENSG00000238009  -0.3535534  -0.3535534  -0.3535534ENSG00000268903   0.9025825  -0.7020086   1.7048781

训练SOM模型

# 定义网络的大小和形状  som_grid <- somgrid(xdim = 10, ydim=10, topo="hexagonal")  # Train the SOM model!som_model <- supersom(data_train_matrix, grid=som_grid, keep.data = TRUE)

可视化SOM结果

# Plot of the training progress - how the node distances have stabilised over time.# 展示训练过程，距离随着迭代减少的趋势，判断迭代是否足够；最后趋于平稳比较好plot(som_model, type = "changes")

计量每个SOM中心点包含的基因的数目

## custom palette as per kohonen package (not compulsory)coolBlueHotRed <- function(n, alpha = 0.7) {  rainbow(n, end=4/6, alpha=alpha)[n:1]}# shows the number of objects mapped to the individual units. # Empty units are depicted in gray.plot(som_model, type = "counts", main="Node Counts", palette.name=coolBlueHotRed)

计量SOM中心点的内敛性和质量

# map quality# shows the mean distance of objects mapped to a unit to # the codebook vector of that unit. # The smaller the distances, the better the objects are # represented by the codebook vectors.plot(som_model, type = "quality", main="Node Quality/Distance", palette.name=coolBlueHotRed)

邻居距离-查看潜在边界点

# 颜色越深表示与周边点差别越大，越是分界点# neighbour distances# shows the sum of the distances to all immediate neighbours. # This kind of visualization is also known as a U-matrix plot. # Units near a class boundary can be expected to have higher average distances to their neighbours. # Only available for the "som" and "supersom" maps, for the moment.plot(som_model, type="dist.neighbours", main = "SOM neighbour distances", palette.name=grey.colors)

查看SOM中心点的变化趋势

#code spreadplot(som_model, type = "codes", codeRendering="lines")

获取每个SOM中心点相关的基因

table(som_model$unit.classif)

# 只显示一部分  1   2   3   4   5   6 197 172 434 187 582 249 95  96  97  98  99 100 168 919 226 419 193 241

# code是从左至右，从下至上进行编号的som_model_code_class = data.frame(name=rownames(data_train_matrix), code_class=som_model$unit.classif)head(som_model_code_class)

             name code_class1 ENSG00000223972         812 ENSG00000227232         373 ENSG00000278267         934 ENSG00000237613         515 ENSG00000238009         116 ENSG00000268903          4

SOM结果进一步聚类

# 选择合适的聚类数目# show the WCSS metric for kmeans for different clustering sizes.# Can be used as a "rough" indicator of the ideal number of clustersmydata <- as.matrix(as.data.frame(som_model$codes))wss <- (nrow(mydata)-1)*sum(apply(mydata,2,var))for (i in 2:15) wss[i] <- sum(kmeans(mydata, centers=i)$withinss)par(mar=c(5.1,4.1,4.1,2.1))plot(1:15, wss, type="b", xlab="Number of Clusters",     ylab="Within groups sum of squares", main="Within cluster sum of squares (WCSS)")

# Form clusters on grid## use hierarchical clustering to cluster the codebook vectorssom_cluster <- cutree(hclust(dist(mydata)), 6)# Colour palette definitioncluster_palette <- function(x, alpha = 0.6) {  n = length(unique(x)) * 2  rainbow(n, start=2/6, end=6/6, alpha=alpha)[seq(n,0,-2)]}cluster_palette_init = cluster_palette(som_cluster)bgcol = cluster_palette_init[som_cluster]#show the same plot with the codes instead of just coloursplot(som_model, type="codes", bgcol = bgcol, main = "Clusters", codeRendering="lines")add.cluster.boundaries(som_model, som_cluster)

有一些类的模式不太明显，以后再看怎么优化。

SOM获取基因所在的新类

som_model_code_class_cluster = som_model_code_classsom_model_code_class_cluster$cluster = som_cluster[som_model_code_class$code_class]head(som_model_code_class_cluster)

             name code_class cluster1 ENSG00000223972         81       22 ENSG00000227232         37       83 ENSG00000278267         93       84 ENSG00000237613         51       75 ENSG00000238009         11       46 ENSG00000268903          4       3

映射某个属性到SOM图

# 此处选择一个样本作为示例，可以关联很多信息，# 比如基因通路，只要在矩阵后增加新的属性就可以。color_by_var = names(data_train_matrix)[1]color_by = data_train_matrix[,color_by_var]unit_colors <- aggregate(color_by, by=list(som_model$unit.classif), FUN=mean, simplify=TRUE)plot(som_model, type = "property", property=unit_colors[,2], main=color_by_var, palette.name=coolBlueHotRed)