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Baseline Profile 安装时优化在西瓜视频的实践

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前言:

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章飞 字节跳动技术团队 2023-06-02 12:02 发表于北京

背景

在Android上,Java/Kotlin代码会编译为DEX字节码,在运行期由虚拟机解释执行。但是,字节码解释执行的速度比较慢。所以,通常虚拟机会在解释模式基础上做一些必要的优化。

在Android 5,Google采用的策略是在应用安装期间对APP的全量DEX进行AOT优化。AOT优化(Ahead of time),就是在APP运行前就把DEX字节码编译成本地机器码。虽然运行效率相比DEX解释执行有了大幅提高,但由于是全量AOT,就会导致用户需要等待较长的时间才能打开应用,对于磁盘空间的占用也急剧增大。

于是,为了避免过早的资源占用,从Android 7开始便不再进行全量AOT,而是JIT+AOT的混合编译模式。JIT(Just in time),就是即时优化,也就是在APP运行过程中,实时地把DEX字节码编译成本地机器码。具体方式是,在APP运行时分析运行过的热代码,然后在设备空闲时触发AOT,在下次运行前预编译热代码,提升后续APP运行效率。

但是热代码代码收集需要比较长周期,在APP升级覆盖安装之后,原有的预编译的热代码失效,需要再走一遍运行时分析、空闲时AOT的流程。在单周迭代的研发模式下问题尤为明显。

因此,从Android 9 开始,Google推出了Cloud Profiles技术。它的原理是,在部分先安装APK的用户手机上,Google Play Store收集到热点代码,然后上传到云端并聚合。这样,对于后面安装的用户,Play Store会下发热点代码配置进行预编译,这些用户就不需要进行运行时分析,大大提前了优化时机。不过,这个收集聚合下发过程需要几天时间,大部分用户还是没法享受到这个优化。

最终,在2022年Google推出了 Baseline Profiles ()技术。它允许开发者内置自己定义的热点代码配置文件。在APP安装期间,系统提前预编译热点代码,大幅提升APP运行效率。

不过,Google官方的Baseline Profiles存在以下局限性:

Baseline Profile 需要使用 AGP 7 及以上的版本,公司内各大APP的版本都还比较低,短期内并不可用安装时优化依赖Google Play,国内无法使用

为此,我们开发了一套定制化的Baseline Profiles优化方案,可以适用于全版本AGP。同时通过与国内主流厂商合作,推进支持了安装时优化生效。

方案探索与实现

我们先来看一下官方Baseline Profile安装时优化的流程:

这里面主要包含3个步骤:

热点方法收集,通过本地运行设备或者人工配置,得到可读格式的基准配置文本文件(baseline-prof.txt)编译期处理,将基准配置文本文件转换成二进制文件,打包至apk内(baseline.prof和baseline.profm),另外Google Play服务端还会将云端profile与baseline.prof聚合处理。安装时,系统会解析apk内的baseline.prof二进制文件,根据版本号,做一些转换后,提前预编译指定的热点代码为机器码。热点方法收集

官方文档()提到使用Jetpack Macrobenchmark库()BaselineProfileRule自动收集热点方法。通过在Android Studio中引入Benchmark module,需要编写相应的Rule触发打包、测试等流程。

从下面源码可以看到,最终是通过profman命令可以收集到app运行过程中的热点方法。

private fun profmanGetProfileRules(apkPath: String, pathOptions: List<String>): String {    // When compiling with CompilationMode.SpeedProfile, ART stores the profile in one of    // 2 locations. The `ref` profile path, or the `current` path.    // The `current` path is eventually merged  into the `ref` path after background dexopt.    val profiles = pathOptions.mapNotNull { currentPath ->        Log.d(TAG, "Using profile location: $currentPath")        val profile = Shell.executeScriptCaptureStdout(            "profman --dump-classes-and-methods --profile-file=$currentPath --apk=$apkPath"        )        profile.ifBlank { null }    }    ...    return builder.toString()}

所以,我们可以绕过Macrobenchmark库,直接使用profman命令,减少自动化接入成本。具体命令如下:

adb shell profman --dump-classes-and-methods \--profile-file=/data/misc/profiles/cur/0/com.ss.android.article.video/primary.prof \--apk=/data/app/com.ss.android.article.video-Ctzj32dufeuXB8KOhAqdGg==/base.apk \> baseline-prof.txt

生成的baseline-prof.txt文件内容如下:

PLcom/bytedance/apm/perf/b/f;->a(Lcom/bytedance/apm/perf/b/f;)Ljava/lang/String;PLcom/bytedance/bdp/bdpbase/ipc/n$a;->a()Lcom/bytedance/bdp/bdpbase/ipc/n;HSPLorg/android/spdy/SoInstallMgrSdk;->initSo(Ljava/lang/String;I)ZHSPLorg/android/spdy/SpdyAgent;->InvlidCharJudge([B[B)VLanet/channel/e/a$b;Lcom/bytedance/alliance/services/impl/c;...

这些规则采用两种形式,分别指明方法和类。方法的规则如下所示:

[FLAGS][CLASS_DESCRIPTOR]->[METHOD_SIGNATURE]

FLAGS表示 HSP 中的一个或多个字符,用于指示相应方法在启动类型方面应标记为 HotStartup 还是 Post Startup

带有 H 标记表示相应方法是一种“热”方法,这意味着相应方法在应用的整个生命周期内会被调用多次。带有 S 标记表示相应方法在启动时被调用。带有 P 标记表示相应方法是与启动无关的热方法。

类的规则,则是直接指明类签名即可:

[CLASS_DESCRIPTOR]

不过这里是可读的文本格式,后续还需要进一步转为二进制才可以被系统识别。

另外,release包导出的是混淆后的符号,需要根据mapping文件再做一次反混淆才能使用。

编译期处理

在得到base.apk的基准配置文本文件(baseline-prof.txt)之后还不够,一些库里面

(比如androidx的库里

也会自带baseline-prof.txt文件。所以,我们还需要把这些子library内附带的baseline-prof.txt取出来,与base.apk的配置一起合并成完整的基准配置文本文件。

接下来,我们需要把完整的配置文件转换成baseline.prof二进制文件。具体是由AGP 7.x内的 CompileArtProfileTask.kt 实现的 :

/** * Task that transforms a human readable art profile into a binary form version that can be shipped * inside an APK or a Bundle. */abstract class CompileArtProfileTask: NonIncrementalTask() {...    abstract class CompileArtProfileWorkAction:            ProfileAwareWorkAction<CompileArtProfileWorkAction.Parameters>() {        override fun run() {            val diagnostics = Diagnostics {                    error -> throw RuntimeException("Error parsing baseline-prof.txt : $error")            }            val humanReadableProfile = HumanReadableProfile(                parameters.mergedArtProfile.get().asFile,                diagnostics            ) ?: throw RuntimeException(                "Merged ${SdkConstants.FN_ART_PROFILE} cannot be parsed successfully."            )            val supplier = DexFileNameSupplier()            val artProfile = ArtProfile(                    humanReadableProfile,                    if (parameters.obfuscationMappingFile.isPresent) {                        ObfuscationMap(parameters.obfuscationMappingFile.get().asFile)                    } else {                        ObfuscationMap.Empty                    },                    //need to rename dex files with sequential numbers the same way [DexIncrementalRenameManager] does                    parameters.dexFolders.asFileTree.files.sortedWith(DexFileComparator()).map {                        DexFile(it.inputStream(), supplier.get())                    }            )            // the P compiler is always used, the server side will transcode if necessary.            parameters.binaryArtProfileOutputFile.get().asFile.outputStream().use {                artProfile.save(it, ArtProfileSerializer.V0_1_0_P)            }            // create the metadata.            parameters.binaryArtProfileMetadataOutputFile.get().asFile.outputStream().use {                artProfile.save(it, ArtProfileSerializer.METADATA_0_0_2)            }        }    }

这里的核心逻辑就是做了以下3件事:

读取baseline-prof.txt基准配置文本文件,下文用HumanReadableProfile表示将HumanReadableProfile、proguard mapping文件、dex文件作为输入传给ArtProfile由ArtProfile生成特定版本格式的baseline.prof二进制文件

ArtProfile类是在profgen子工程内实现的,其中有两个关键的方法:

构造方法:读取HumanReadableProfile、proguard mapping文件、dex文件作为参数,构造ArtProfile实例save()方法:输出指定版本格式的baseline.prof二进制文件

参考链接:

至此,我们可以基于profgen开发一个gradle plugin,在编译构建流程中插入一个自定义task,将baseline-prof.txt转换成baseline.prof,并内置到apk的asset目录。

核心代码如下:

val packageAndroidTask =    variant.variantScope.taskContainer.packageAndroidTask?.get()packageAndroidTask?.doFirst {    var dexFiles = collectDexFiles(variant.packageApplication.dexFolders)    dexFiles = dexFiles.sortedWith(DexFileComparator())     //基准配置文件的内存表示    var hrp = HumanReadableProfile("baseline-prof.txt")    var obfFile: File? = getObfFile(variant, proguardTask)    val apk = Apk(dexFiles, "")    val obf =        if (obfFile != null) ObfuscationMap(obfFile) else ObfuscationMap.Empty    val profile = ArtProfile(hrp!!, obf, apk)    val dexoptDir = File(variant.mergedAssets.first(), profDir)    if (!dexoptDir.exists()) {        dexoptDir.mkdirs()    }    val outFile = File(dexoptDir, "baseline.prof")    val metaFile = File(dexoptDir, "baseline.profm")    profile.save(outFile.outputStream(), ArtProfileSerializer.V0_1_0_P)    profile.save(metaFile.outputStream(), ArtProfileSerializer.METADATA_0_0_2)  }  

自定义task主要包含以下几个步骤:

解压apk获取dex列表,按照一定规则排序(跟Android的打包规则有关,dex文件名和crc等信息需要和prof二进制文件内的对应上)通过ObfuscationMap将baseline-prof.txt文件中的符号转换成混淆后的符号通过ArtProfile按照一定格式转换成baseline.prof与baseline.profm二进制文件

其中有两个文件:

baseline.prof:包含热点方法id、类id信息的二进制编码文件baseline.profm:用于高版本转码的二进制扩展文件

关于baseline.prof的格式,我们从ArtProfileSerializer.kt的注释可以看到不同Android版本有不同的格式。Android 12 开始需要另外转码才能兼容,详见可以看这个issue:

参考链接:

安装期处理

在生成带有baseline.prof二进制文件的APK之后,再来看一下系统在安装apk时如何处理这个baseline.prof文件(基于Android 13源码分析)。本地测试通过adb install-multiple release.apk release.dm命令执行安装,然后通过Android系统包管理子系统进行安装时优化。

Android系统包管理框架分为3层:

应用层:应用通过getPackageManager获取PMS的实例,用于应用的安装,卸载,更新等操作PMS服务层:拥有系统权限,解析并记录应用的基本信息(应用名称,数据存放路径、关系管理等),最终通过binder系统层的installd系统服务进行通讯Installd系统服务层:拥有root权限,完成最终的apk安装、dex优化

其中处理baseline.prof二进制文件并最终指导编译生成odex的主要路径如下:

InstallPackageHelper.java#installPackagesLI    InstallPackageHelper.java#executePostCommitSteps        ArtManagerService.java#prepareAppProfiles            Installer.java#prepareAppProfile                InstalldNativeService.cpp#prepareAppProfile                    dexopt.cpp#prepare_app_profile                        ProfileAssistant.cpp#ProcessProfilesInternal        PackageDexOptimizer.java#performDexOpt            PackageDexOptimizer.java#performDexOptLI               PackageDexOptimizer.java#dexOptPath                   InstalldNativeService.cpp#dexopt                       dexopt.cpp#dexopt                           dex2oat.cc 

在入口installPackagesLI函数中,经过prepare、scan、Reconcile、Commit 四个阶段后最终调用executePostCommitSteps完成apk安装、prof文件写入、dexopt优化:

    private void installPackagesLI(List<InstallRequest> requests) {         //阶段1:prepare         prepareResult = preparePackageLI(request.mArgs, request.mInstallResult);         //阶段2:scan         final ScanResult result = scanPackageTracedLI(                            prepareResult.mPackageToScan, prepareResult.mParseFlags,                            prepareResult.mScanFlags, System.currentTimeMillis(),                            request.mArgs.mUser, request.mArgs.mAbiOverride);         //阶段3:Reconcile         reconciledPackages = ReconcilePackageUtils.reconcilePackages(                            reconcileRequest, mSharedLibraries,                            mPm.mSettings.getKeySetManagerService(), mPm.mSettings);         //阶段4:Commit并安装         commitRequest = new CommitRequest(reconciledPackages,                            mPm.mUserManager.getUserIds());          executePostCommitSteps(commitRequest);                }

executePostCommitSteps中,主要完成prof文件写入与dex优化:

private void executePostCommitSteps(CommitRequest commitRequest) {        for (ReconciledPackage reconciledPkg : commitRequest.mReconciledPackages.values()) {            final AndroidPackage pkg = reconciledPkg.mPkgSetting.getPkg();            final String packageName = pkg.getPackageName();            final String codePath = pkg.getPath();              //步骤1:prof文件写入            // Prepare the application profiles for the new code paths.            // This needs to be done before invoking dexopt so that any install-time profile            // can be used for optimizations.            mArtManagerService.prepareAppProfiles(pkg,                    mPm.resolveUserIds(reconciledPkg.mInstallArgs.mUser.getIdentifier()),                    /* updateReferenceProfileContent= */ true);             //步骤2:dex优化,在开启baseline profile优化之后compilation-reason=install-dm            final int compilationReason =                    mDexManager.getCompilationReasonForInstallScenario(                            reconciledPkg.mInstallArgs.mInstallScenario);            DexoptOptions dexoptOptions =                    new DexoptOptions(packageName, compilationReason, dexoptFlags);            if (performDexopt) {                // Compile the layout resources.                if (SystemProperties.getBoolean(PRECOMPILE_LAYOUTS, false)) {                    mViewCompiler.compileLayouts(pkg);                }                ScanResult result = reconciledPkg.mScanResult;                mPackageDexOptimizer.performDexOpt(pkg, realPkgSetting,                        null /* instructionSets */,                        mPm.getOrCreateCompilerPackageStats(pkg),                        mDexManager.getPackageUseInfoOrDefault(packageName),                        dexoptOptions);            }            // Notify BackgroundDexOptService that the package has been changed.            // If this is an update of a package which used to fail to compile,            // BackgroundDexOptService will remove it from its denylist.            BackgroundDexOptService.getService().notifyPackageChanged(packageName);            notifyPackageChangeObserversOnUpdate(reconciledPkg);        }        PackageManagerServiceUtils.waitForNativeBinariesExtractionForIncremental(                incrementalStorages);    }
prof文件写入

先来看下prof文件写入流程,主要流程如下图所示:

其入口在ArtManagerService.java``#``prepareAppProfiles

    /**     * Prepare the application profiles.     *   - create the current primary profile to save time at app startup time.     *   - copy the profiles from the associated dex metadata file to the reference profile.     */    public void prepareAppProfiles(            AndroidPackage pkg, @UserIdInt int user,            boolean updateReferenceProfileContent) {        try {            ArrayMap<String, String> codePathsProfileNames = getPackageProfileNames(pkg);            for (int i = codePathsProfileNames.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {                String codePath = codePathsProfileNames.keyAt(i);                String profileName = codePathsProfileNames.valueAt(i);                String dexMetadataPath = null;                // Passing the dex metadata file to the prepare method will update the reference                // profile content. As such, we look for the dex metadata file only if we need to                // perform an update.                if (updateReferenceProfileContent) {                    File dexMetadata = DexMetadataHelper.findDexMetadataForFile(new File(codePath));                    dexMetadataPath = dexMetadata == null ? null : dexMetadata.getAbsolutePath();                }                synchronized (mInstaller) {                    boolean result = mInstaller.prepareAppProfile(pkg.getPackageName(), user, appId,                            profileName, codePath, dexMetadataPath);                }            }        } catch (InstallerException e) {        }    } 

其中dexMetadata是后缀为.dm的压缩文件,内部包含primary.prof、primary.profm文件,apk的baseline.prof、baseline.profm会在安装阶段转为成dm文件。

mInstaller.prepareAppProfile最终会调用到dexopt.cpp#prepare_app_profile中,通过fork一个子进程执行profman二进制程序,将dm文件、reference_profile文件(位于设备上固定路径,存储汇总的热点方法)、apk文件作为参数输入:

//frameworks/native/cmds/installd/dexopt.cppbool prepare_app_profile(const std::string& package_name,                         userid_t user_id,                         appid_t app_id,                         const std::string& profile_name,                         const std::string& code_path,                         const std::optional<std::string>& dex_metadata) {    // We have a dex metdata. Merge the profile into the reference profile.    unique_fd ref_profile_fd =            open_reference_profile(multiuser_get_uid(user_id, app_id), package_name, profile_name,                                   /*read_write*/ true, /*is_secondary_dex*/ false);    unique_fd dex_metadata_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(            open(dex_metadata->c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW)));    unique_fd apk_fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(code_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW)));    RunProfman args;    args.SetupCopyAndUpdate(dex_metadata_fd,                            ref_profile_fd,                            apk_fd,                            code_path);    pid_t pid = fork();    if (pid == 0) {        args.Exec();    }    return true;}    void SetupCopyAndUpdate(const unique_fd& profile_fd,                            const unique_fd& reference_profile_fd,                            const unique_fd& apk_fd,                            const std::string& dex_location) {        SetupArgs(...);    }    void SetupArgs(const std::vector<T>& profile_fds,                   const unique_fd& reference_profile_fd,                   const std::vector<U>& apk_fds,                   const std::vector<std::string>& dex_locations,                   bool copy_and_update,                   bool for_snapshot,                   bool for_boot_image) {        const char* profman_bin = select_execution_binary("/profman");        if (reference_profile_fd != -1) {            AddArg("--reference-profile-file-fd=" + std::to_string(reference_profile_fd.get()));        }        for (const T& fd : profile_fds) {            AddArg("--profile-file-fd=" + std::to_string(fd.get()));        }        for (const U& fd : apk_fds) {            AddArg("--apk-fd=" + std::to_string(fd.get()));        }        for (const std::string& dex_location : dex_locations) {            AddArg("--dex-location=" + dex_location);        }        ...}

实际上,就是执行了下面的profman命令:

./profman --reference-profile-file-fd=9 \--profile-file-fd=10 --apk-fd=11 \--dex-location=/data/app/com.ss.android.article.video-4-JZaMrtO7n_kFe4kbhBBA==/base.apk \--copy-and-update-profile-key

reference-profile-file-fd指向/data/misc/profile/ref/$package/primary.prof文件,记录当前apk版本的热点方法,最终baseline.prof保存的热点方法信息需要写入到reference-profile文件。

profman二进制程序的代码如下:

class ProfMan final { public:  void ParseArgs(int argc, char **argv) {    MemMap::Init();    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {      if (StartsWith(option, "--profile-file=")) {        profile_files_.push_back(std::string(option.substr(strlen("--profile-file="))));      } else if (StartsWith(option, "--profile-file-fd=")) {        ParseFdForCollection(raw_option, "--profile-file-fd=", &profile_files_fd_);      } else if (StartsWith(option, "--dex-location=")) {        dex_locations_.push_back(std::string(option.substr(strlen("--dex-location="))));      } else if (StartsWith(option, "--apk-fd=")) {        ParseFdForCollection(raw_option, "--apk-fd=", &apks_fd_);      } else if (StartsWith(option, "--apk=")) {        apk_files_.push_back(std::string(option.substr(strlen("--apk="))));      }       ...  }  static int profman(int argc, char** argv) {  ProfMan profman;  // Parse arguments. Argument mistakes will lead to exit(EXIT_FAILURE) in UsageError.  profman.ParseArgs(argc, argv);  // Initialize MemMap for ZipArchive::OpenFromFd.  MemMap::Init();   ...   // Process profile information and assess if we need to do a profile guided compilation.  // This operation involves I/O.  return profman.ProcessProfiles();  }

可以看到最后一行调用到profman的ProcessProfiles方法,它里面调用了ProfileAssistant.cpp#ProcessProfilesInternal[;l=30?q=ProcessProfilesInternal],核心代码如下:

ProfmanResult::ProcessingResult ProfileAssistant::ProcessProfilesInternal(    const std::vector<ScopedFlock>& profile_files,    const ScopedFlock& reference_profile_file,    const ProfileCompilationInfo::ProfileLoadFilterFn& filter_fn,    const Options& options) {  ProfileCompilationInfo info(options.IsBootImageMerge());  //步骤1:Load the reference profile.  if (!info.Load(reference_profile_file->Fd(), true, filter_fn)) {    return ProfmanResult::kErrorBadProfiles;  }   // Store the current state of the reference profile before merging with the current profiles.   uint32_t number_of_methods = info.GetNumberOfMethods();   uint32_t number_of_classes = info.GetNumberOfResolvedClasses();  //步骤2:Merge all current profiles.  for (size_t i = 0; i < profile_files.size(); i++) {    ProfileCompilationInfo cur_info(options.IsBootImageMerge());    if (!cur_info.Load(profile_files[i]->Fd(), /*merge_classes=*/ true, filter_fn)) {      return ProfmanResult::kErrorBadProfiles;    }    if (!info.MergeWith(cur_info)) {      return ProfmanResult::kErrorBadProfiles;    }  }  // 如果新增方法/类没有达到阈值,则跳过 if (((info.GetNumberOfMethods() - number_of_methods) < min_change_in_methods_for_compilation)      && ((info.GetNumberOfResolvedClasses() - number_of_classes) < min_change_in_classes_for_compilation)) {      return kSkipCompilation;   }  ...    //步骤3:We were successful in merging all profile information. Update the reference profile.  ...  if (!info.Save(reference_profile_file->Fd())) {    return ProfmanResult::kErrorIO;  }    return options.IsForceMerge() ? ProfmanResult::kSuccess : ProfmanResult::kCompile;}

这里首先通过ProfileCompilationInfo的load方法,读取reference_profile二进制文件序列化加载到内存。再调用MergeWith方法将cur_profile二进制文件(也就是apk内的baseline.prof)合并到reference_profile文件中,最后调用Save方法保存。

再来看下ProfileCompilationInfo的类结构,可以发现与前面编译期处理提到的ArtProfile序列化格式是一致的。

参考链接:

//art/libprofile/profile/profile_compilation_info.h/** * Profile information in a format suitable to be queried by the compiler and * performing profile guided compilation. * It is a serialize-friendly format based on information collected by the * interpreter (ProfileInfo). * Currently it stores only the hot compiled methods. */class ProfileCompilationInfo { public:  static const uint8_t kProfileMagic[];  static const uint8_t kProfileVersion[];  static const uint8_t kProfileVersionForBootImage[];  static const char kDexMetadataProfileEntry[];  static constexpr size_t kProfileVersionSize = 4;  static constexpr uint8_t kIndividualInlineCacheSize = 5;  ... } 
dex优化

分析完prof二进制文件处理流程之后,接着再来看dex优化部分。主要流程如下图所示:

dex优化的入口函数PackageDexOptimizer.java#performDexOptLI,跟踪代码可以发现最终是通过调用dex2oat二进制程序:

//dexopt.cppint dexopt(const char* dex_path, uid_t uid, const char* pkgname, const char* instruction_set,        int dexopt_needed, const char* oat_dir, int dexopt_flags, const char* compiler_filter,        const char* volume_uuid, const char* class_loader_context, const char* se_info,        bool downgrade, int target_sdk_version, const char* profile_name,        const char* dex_metadata_path, const char* compilation_reason, std::string* error_msg,        /* out */ bool* completed) {    ...        RunDex2Oat runner(dex2oat_bin, execv_helper.get());    runner.Initialize(...);    bool cancelled = false;    pid_t pid = dexopt_status_->check_cancellation_and_fork(&cancelled);    if (cancelled) {        *completed = false;        return 0;    }    if (pid == 0) {        //设置schedpolicy,设置为后台线程        SetDex2OatScheduling(boot_complete);        //执行dex2oat命令        runner.Exec(DexoptReturnCodes::kDex2oatExec);    } else {        //父进程等待dex2oat子进程执行完,超时时间9.5分钟.        int res = wait_child_with_timeout(pid, kLongTimeoutMs);        if (res == 0) {            LOG(VERBOSE) << "DexInv: --- END '" << dex_path << "' (success) ---";        } else {            //dex2oat执行失败        }    }    // dex2oat ran successfully, so profile is safe to keep.    reference_profile.DisableCleanup();    return 0;}

实际上是执行了如下命令:

/apex/com.android.runtime/bin/dex2oat \--input-vdex-fd=-1 --output-vdex-fd=11 \--resolve-startup-const-strings=true \--max-image-block-size=524288 --compiler-filter=speed-profile --profile-file-fd=14 \--classpath-dir=/data/app/com.ss.android.article.video-4-JZaMrtO7n_kFe4kbhBBA== \--class-loader-context=PCL[]{PCL[/system/framework/org.apache.http.legacy.jar]} \--generate-mini-debug-info --compact-dex-level=none --dm-fd=15 \--compilation-reason=install-dm

常规安装时不会带上dm-fd和install-dm参数,所以不会触发baseline profile相关优化。

dex2oat用于将dex字节码编译成本地机器码,相关的编译流程如下代码:

static dex2oat::ReturnCode Dex2oat(int argc, char** argv) {  TimingLogger timings("compiler", false, false);  // 解析参数  dex2oat->ParseArgs(argc, argv);  art::MemMap::Init();   // 加载profile热点方法文件  if (dex2oat->HasProfileInput()) {    if (!dex2oat->LoadProfile()) {      return dex2oat::ReturnCode::kOther;    }  }  //打开输入文件  dex2oat->OpenFile();  //准备de2oat环境,包括启动runtime、加载boot class path  dex2oat::ReturnCode setup_code = dex2oat->Setup();   //检查profile热点方法是否被加载到内存,并做crc校验  if (dex2oat->DoProfileGuidedOptimizations()) {     //校验profile_compilation_info_中dex的crc与apk中dex的crc是否一致    dex2oat->VerifyProfileData();  }  ...    //正式开始编译  dex2oat::ReturnCode result = DoCompilation(*dex2oat);  ...    return result;}

这个流程包含:

解析命令行传入的参数调用LoadProfile()加载profile热点方法文件,保存到profile_compilation_info_成员变量中准备dex2oat环境,包括启动unstarted runtime、加载boot class pathprofile相关校验,主要检查profile_compilation_info_中的dex的crc与apk中dex的crc是否一致,方法数是否一致调用DoCompilation正式开始编译

LoadProfile方法加载profile热点方法文件如下代码:

bool LoadProfile() {    //初始化profile热点方法的内存对象:profile_compilation_info_    profile_compilation_info_.reset(new ProfileCompilationInfo());    //读取reference profile文件列表    // Dex2oat only uses the reference profile and that is not updated concurrently by the app or    // other processes. So we don't need to lock (as we have to do in profman or when writing the    // profile info).    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<File>> profile_files;    if (!profile_file_fds_.empty()) {      for (int fd : profile_file_fds_) {        profile_files.push_back(std::make_unique<File>(DupCloexec(fd)));      }    }     ...    //依次加载到profile_compilation_info_中    for (const std::unique_ptr<File>& profile_file : profile_files) {      if (!profile_compilation_info_->Load(profile_file->Fd())) {        return false;      }    }    return true;  }

LoadProfile方法,将之前生成的profile文件加载到内存,保存到profile_compilation_info_变量中。

接着调用Compile方法完成odex文件的编译生成,如下代码:

 // Set up and create the compiler driver and then invoke it to compile all the dex files.  jobject Compile() REQUIRES(!Locks::mutator_lock_) {    ClassLinker* const class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();        TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t("dex2oat Compile", timings_);    ...    compiler_options_->profile_compilation_info_ = profile_compilation_info_.get();    driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),                                     verification_results_.get(),                                     compiler_kind_,                                     thread_count_,                                     swap_fd_));    driver_->PrepareDexFilesForOatFile(timings_);    return CompileDexFiles(dex_files);  }

profile_compilation_info_作为参数传给了CompilerDriver,在之后的编译过程中将用来判断是否编译某个方法和机器码重排。

CompilerDriver::Compile方法开始编译dex字节码,代码如下:

void CompilerDriver::Compile(jobject class_loader,                             const std::vector<const DexFile*>& dex_files,                             TimingLogger* timings) {  for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {    CompileDexFile(this,class_loader,*dex_file,dex_files,                   "Compile Dex File Quick",CompileMethodQuick);  }}static void CompileMethodQuick(...) {  auto quick_fn = [profile_index](...) {    CompiledMethod* compiled_method = nullptr;    if ((access_flags & kAccNative) != 0) {        //jni方法编译...    } else if ((access_flags & kAccAbstract) != 0) {      // Abstract methods don't have code.    } else if (annotations::MethodIsNeverCompile(dex_file,                                                 dex_file.GetClassDef(class_def_idx),                                                 method_idx)) {      // Method is annotated with @NeverCompile and should not be compiled.    } else {      const CompilerOptions& compiler_options = driver->GetCompilerOptions();      const VerificationResults* results = driver->GetVerificationResults();      MethodReference method_ref(&dex_file, method_idx);      // Don't compile class initializers unless kEverything.      bool compile = (compiler_options.GetCompilerFilter() == CompilerFilter::kEverything) ||         ((access_flags & kAccConstructor) == 0) || ((access_flags & kAccStatic) == 0);      // Check if it's an uncompilable method found by the verifier.      compile = compile && !results->IsUncompilableMethod(method_ref);      // Check if we should compile based on the profile.      compile = compile && ShouldCompileBasedOnProfile(compiler_options, profile_index, method_ref);      if (compile) {        compiled_method = driver->GetCompiler()->Compile(...);      }    }    return compiled_method;  };  CompileMethodHarness(self,driver,code_item,access_flags,                       invoke_type,class_def_idx,class_loader,                       dex_file,dex_cache,quick_fn);}

在CompileMethodQuick方法中可以看到针对不同的方法(jni方法、虚方法、构造函数等)有不同的处理方式,常规方法会通过ShouldCompileBasedOnProfile来判断某个method是否需要被编译。

具体判断条件如下:

// Checks whether profile guided compilation is enabled and if the method should be compiled// according to the profile file.static bool ShouldCompileBasedOnProfile(const CompilerOptions& compiler_options,                                        ProfileCompilationInfo::ProfileIndexType profile_index,                                        MethodReference method_ref) {  if (profile_index == ProfileCompilationInfo::MaxProfileIndex()) {    // No profile for this dex file. Check if we're actually compiling based on a profile.    if (!CompilerFilter::DependsOnProfile(compiler_options.GetCompilerFilter())) {      return true;    }    // Profile-based compilation without profile for this dex file. Do not compile the method.    return false;  } else {    const ProfileCompilationInfo* profile_compilation_info =        compiler_options.GetProfileCompilationInfo();    // Compile only hot methods, it is the profile saver's job to decide    // what startup methods to mark as hot.    bool result = profile_compilation_info->IsHotMethod(profile_index, method_ref.index);   if (kDebugProfileGuidedCompilation) {      LOG(INFO) << "[ProfileGuidedCompilation] "          << (result ? "Compiled" : "Skipped") << " method:" << method_ref.PrettyMethod(true);    }    return result;  }}

可以看到是依据profile_compilation_info_是否命中hotmethod来判断。我们把编译日志打开,可以看到具体哪些方法被编译,哪些方法被跳过,如下图所示,这与我们配置的profile是一致的。

机器码生成的实现在CodeGenerator类中,代码如下,具体细节将不再展开。

//art/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.ccvoid CodeGenerator::Compile(CodeAllocator* allocator) {  InitializeCodeGenerationData();  HGraphVisitor* instruction_visitor = GetInstructionVisitor();  GetStackMapStream()->BeginMethod(...);  size_t frame_start = GetAssembler()->CodeSize();  GenerateFrameEntry();  if (disasm_info_ != nullptr) {    disasm_info_->SetFrameEntryInterval(frame_start, GetAssembler()->CodeSize());  }  for (size_t e = block_order_->size(); current_block_index_ < e; ++current_block_index_) {    HBasicBlock* block = (*block_order_)[current_block_index_];    Bind(block);    MaybeRecordNativeDebugInfo(/* instruction= */ nullptr, block->GetDexPc());    for (HInstructionIterator it(block->GetInstructions()); !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {      HInstruction* current = it.Current();      DisassemblyScope disassembly_scope(current, *this);      current->Accept(instruction_visitor);    }  }  GenerateSlowPaths();  if (graph_->HasTryCatch()) {    RecordCatchBlockInfo();  }  // Finalize instructions in assember;  Finalize(allocator);  GetStackMapStream()->EndMethod(GetAssembler()->CodeSize());}

另外,profile_compilation_info_也会影响机器码重排,我们知道系统在通过IO加载文件的时候,一般都是按页维度来加载的(一般等于4KB),热点代码重排在一起,可以减少IO读取的次数,从而提升性能。

odex文件的机器码布局部分由OatWriter类实现,声明代码如下:

 class OatWriter { public:  OatWriter(const CompilerOptions& compiler_options,            const VerificationResults* verification_results,            TimingLogger* timings,            ProfileCompilationInfo* info,            CompactDexLevel compact_dex_level);  ...            // Profile info used to generate new layout of files.  ProfileCompilationInfo* profile_compilation_info_;  // Compact dex level that is generated.  CompactDexLevel compact_dex_level_;  using OrderedMethodList = std::vector<OrderedMethodData>;  ...

从中可以看到profile_compilation_info_会被OatWriter类用到,用于生成odex机器码的布局。

具体代码如下:

// Visit every compiled method in order to determine its order within the OAT file.// Methods from the same class do not need to be adjacent in the OAT code.class OatWriter::LayoutCodeMethodVisitor final : public OatDexMethodVisitor { public:  LayoutCodeMethodVisitor(OatWriter* writer, size_t offset)      : OatDexMethodVisitor(writer, offset),        profile_index_(ProfileCompilationInfo::MaxProfileIndex()),        profile_index_dex_file_(nullptr) {  }  bool StartClass(const DexFile* dex_file, size_t class_def_index) final {    // Update the cached `profile_index_` if needed. This happens only once per dex file    // because we visit all classes in a dex file together, so mark that as `UNLIKELY`.    if (UNLIKELY(dex_file != profile_index_dex_file_)) {      if (writer_->profile_compilation_info_ != nullptr) {        profile_index_ = writer_->profile_compilation_info_->FindDexFile(*dex_file);      }      profile_index_dex_file_ = dex_file;    }    return OatDexMethodVisitor::StartClass(dex_file, class_def_index);  }  bool VisitMethod(size_t class_def_method_index, const ClassAccessor::Method& method){    OatClass* oat_class = &writer_->oat_classes_[oat_class_index_];    CompiledMethod* compiled_method = oat_class->GetCompiledMethod(class_def_method_index);    if (HasCompiledCode(compiled_method)) {      // Determine the `hotness_bits`, used to determine relative order      // for OAT code layout when determining binning.      uint32_t method_index = method.GetIndex();      MethodReference method_ref(dex_file_, method_index);      uint32_t hotness_bits = 0u;      if (profile_index_ != ProfileCompilationInfo::MaxProfileIndex()) {        ProfileCompilationInfo* pci = writer_->profile_compilation_info_;        // Note: Bin-to-bin order does not matter. If the kernel does or does not read-ahead        // any memory, it only goes into the buffer cache and does not grow the PSS until the        // first time that memory is referenced in the process.        hotness_bits =            (pci->IsHotMethod(profile_index_, method_index) ? kHotBit : 0u) |            (pci->IsStartupMethod(profile_index_, method_index) ? kStartupBit : 0u)         }      }      OrderedMethodData method_data = {hotness_bits,oat_class,compiled_method,method_ref,...};      ordered_methods_.push_back(method_data);    }    return true;  }

在LayoutCodeMethodVisitor类中,根据profile_compilation_info_指定的热点方法的FLAG,判断是否打开hotness_bits标志位。热点方法会一起被重排在odex文件靠前的位置。

小结一下,在系统安装app阶段,会读取apk中baselineprofile文件,经过porfman根据当前系统版本做一定转换并序列化到本地的reference_profile路径下,再通过dexoat编译热点方法为本地机器码并通过代码重排提升性能。

厂商合作

Baseline Profile安装时优化需要Google Play支持,但国内手机由于没有Google Play,无法在安装期做实现优化效果。为此,我们协同抖音与小米、华为等主流厂商建立了合作,共同推进Baseline Profile安装时优化在国内环境的落地。具体的合作方式是:

我们通过编译期改造,提供带Baseline Profile的APK给到厂商验证联调。厂商具体的优化策略会综合考量安装时长、dex2oat消耗资源情况而定,比如先用默认策略安装apk,再后台异步执行Baseline Profile编译。最后通过Google提供的初步显示所用时间 (TTID) 来验证优化效果(TTID指标用于测量应用生成第一帧所用的时间,包括进程初始化、activity 创建以及显示第一帧。)

参考链接

在与厂商联调的过程中,我们解决了各种问题,其中包括有一个资源压缩方式错误。具体错误信息如下:

java.io.FileNotFoundException: This file can not be opened as a file descriptor; it is probably compressed

原来安卓系统要求apk内的baseline.prof二进制是不压缩格式的。我们可以用unzip -v来检验文件是否未被压缩,Defl标志表示压缩,Stored标志表示未压缩。

我们可以在打包流程中指定其为STORED格式,即不压缩。

private void writeNoCompress(@NonNull JarEntry entry, @NonNull InputStream from) throws IOException {    byte[] bytes = new byte[from.available()];    from.read(bytes);    entry.setMethod(JarEntry.STORED);    entry.setSize(bytes.length);    CRC32 crc32 = new CRC32();    crc32.update(bytes,0,bytes.length);    entry.setCrc(crc32.getValue());    setEntryAttributes(entry);    jarOutputStream.putNextEntry(entry);    jarOutputStream.write(bytes, 0, bytes.length);    jarOutputStream.closeEntry();}

改完之后我们再检查一下文件是否被压缩。

baseline.prof二进制是不压缩对包体积影响比较小,因为这个文件大部分都是int类型的methodid。经测试,7万+热点方法文件,生成baseline.prof二进制文件62KB,压缩率只有0.1%;如果通过通配符配置,压缩率在5%左右。

一般应用商店下载安装包时在网络传输过程中做了(压缩)处理,这种情况不压缩处理基本不影响包大小,同时不压缩处理也能避免解压缩带来的耗时。

优化效果

在自测中,我们可以通过下面的方式通过install-multiple命令安装APK。

# Unzip the Release APK firstunzip release.apk# Create a ZIP archivecp assets/dexopt/baseline.prof primary.profcp assets/dexopt/baseline.profm primary.profm# Create an archivezip -r release.dm primary.prof primary.profm# Install APK + Profile togetheradb install-multiple release.apk release.dm

在厂商测试中通过下面的命令测试冷启动耗时

PACKAGE_NAME=com.ss.android.article.videoadb shell am start-activity -W -n $PACKAGE_NAME/.SplashActivity | grep "TotalTime"

冷启动Activity耗时比较未优化已优化优化率荣耀Android11950ms884ms6.9%小米Android13821ms720ms12.3%

可以看到,在开启Baseline Profile优化之后,首装冷启动(TTID)耗时减少约10%左右,为新用户的启动速度体验带来了极大的提升。

参考文章Android 端内数据状态同步方案VM-Mapping开源 | Scene:Android 开源页面导航和组合框架团队介绍

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