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背景
某天晚上,数据库 hang 住,现象是:
应用报错org.apache.commons.dbcp.SQLNestedException: Cannot get a connection,pool error Timeout waiting for idle object无法登录,输入登录命令就卡着不动,无法响应
无奈之下通过强制 kill 掉进程,重启数据库恢复。
这里暂且不说 hang 住的原因,仅分析数据库 hang 住,但是 MHA 未触发切换。
结论
先说下结论,MHA 默认使用长连接对数据库做 ping 健康检测(执行select 1 as Value),4次无法连接 MySQL 则触发切换。 前面数据库 hang 住只是新的连接无法建立,但是老连接却没有影响,且 MHA 的健康检测语句很简单,只在 server 层进行了检测,不涉及到 InnoDB 层,所以 MHA 认为 MySQL 是健康的,并没有作出任何决策。
解决
MHA 从 0.53 版本开始支持 ping_type 参数设置如何检查 master 的可用性。支持3个 value :
select:使用长连接连接到 MySQL 执行select 1 as Value,这个长连接被重复使用,但检查过于简单,无法发现更多故障。connect:在每次执行select 1 as Value前后创建和断开连接,可以发现更多 TCP 连接级别的故障。
注意:此种情况,MHA 监控进程会 fork 出一个子进程进行检测
insert:基于一个到 MySQL 已经存在的连接执行 insert 语句,可以更好检测到数据库因磁盘空间耗尽或磁盘 IO 资源耗尽导致的故障。
通过将 ping_type 修改设置为connect,MHA 每次进程状态检测,需要新建连接,新链接无法成功建立,就触发了切换。
三种检测机制代码:
##如果获取分布式锁失败返回2,正常返回0,异常返回1sub ping_connect($) { my $self = shift; my $log = $self->{logger}; my $dbh; my $rc = 1; my $max_retries = 2; eval { my $ping_start = [gettimeofday]; # 连接max_retries次,连接失败则退出 while ( !$self->{dbh} && $max_retries-- ) { eval { $rc = $self->connect( 1, $self->{interval}, 0, 0, 1 ); }; if ( !$self->{dbh} && $@ ) { die $@ if ( !$max_retries ); } } # 调用ping_select $rc = $self->ping_select(); # To hold advisory lock for some periods of time $self->sleep_until( $ping_start, $self->{interval} - 1.5 ); $self->disconnect_if(); }; if ($@) { my $msg = "Got error on MySQL connect ping: $@"; undef $@; $msg .= $DBI::err if ($DBI::err); $msg .= " ($DBI::errstr)" if ($DBI::errstr); $log->warning($msg) if ($log); $rc = 1; } return 2 if ( $self->{_already_monitored} ); return $rc;}# 正常返回0,异常返回1sub ping_select($) { my $self = shift; my $log = $self->{logger}; my $dbh = $self->{dbh}; my ( $query, $sth, $href ); eval { $dbh->{RaiseError} = 1; $sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT 1 As Value"); $sth->execute(); $href = $sth->fetchrow_hashref; if ( !defined($href) || !defined( $href->{Value} ) || $href->{Value} != 1 ) { die; } }; if ($@) { my $msg = "Got error on MySQL select ping: "; undef $@; $msg .= $DBI::err if ($DBI::err); $msg .= " ($DBI::errstr)" if ($DBI::errstr); $log->warning($msg) if ($log); return 1; } return 0;}# 正常返回0,异常返回1sub ping_insert($) { my $self = shift; my $log = $self->{logger}; my $dbh = $self->{dbh}; my ( $query, $sth, $href ); eval { $dbh->{RaiseError} = 1; $dbh->do("CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS infra"); $dbh->do("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS infra.chk_masterha (`key` tinyint NOT NULL primary key,`val` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0')" ); $dbh->do("INSERT INTO infra.chk_masterha values (1,unix_timestamp()) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE val=unix_timestamp()" ); }; if ($@) { my $msg = "Got error on MySQL insert ping: "; undef $@; $msg .= $DBI::err if ($DBI::err); $msg .= " ($DBI::errstr)" if ($DBI::errstr); $log->warning($msg) if ($log); return 1; } return 0;}测试
MHA 配置文件
[server default]manager_log=/Data/mha/log/workdir/my3306tst.logmanager_workdir=/Data/mha/workdir/my3306tstremote_workdir=/Data/mysql/my3306/mhamaster_binlog_dir=/Data/mysql/my3306/logpassword=xxxping_interval=5repl_password=xxxrepl_user=xxxssh_user=mysqlssh_port=xxxuser=mhamaster_ip_online_change_script="/usr/local/bin/master_ip_online_change"master_ip_failover_script="master_ip_failover"[server1]hostname=xxxport=3306candidate_master=1[server2]hostname=xxxport=3306candidate_master=1
注意:在测试的时候将ping_interval设置成5,便于快速观测到切换,实际生产中,可根据业务对故障的容忍能力进行调整。
模拟服务器CPU满负载,数据库无法建立新连接 编写一个简单的c程序,如下:
# include <stdio.h>int main(){ while(1); return 0;}
编译:
gcc -o out test_cpu.c
执行:
for in in `seq 1 $(cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "physical id" | wc -l)`; do ./out & done
另外再跑两个 mysqlslap 压测程序:
mysqlslap -c 30000 -i 100 --detach=1 --query="select 1 from dual" --delimiter=";" -uxxx -pxxx -S /xxxx/xxx.sockping_type=connect 时,4次连接失败触发切换 此时,在 MHA 切换日志中可以看到连接数据库报错的输出如下:
Got error on MySQL connect: 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server at 'waiting for initial communication packet',system error: 110)ping_type=select时,未触发切换
有兴趣的同学可自行测试一下
MHA健康检测机制
调用链路:
MasterMonitor.pm|MHA::MasterMonitor::main() -->MasterMonitor.pm|MHA::MasterMonitor::wait_until_master_is_dead() -->MasterMonitor.pm|MHA::MasterMonitor::wait_until_master_is_unreachable() --> MHA::HealthCheck::wait_until_unreachable();-->HealthCheck.pm|MHA::HealthCheck::ping_select(或者)HealthCheck.pm|MHA::HealthCheck::ping_insert(或者)HealthCheck.pm|MHA::HealthCheck::ping_connect(或者)
MHA 监控进程启动后,会持续监控主节点的状态,主要的健康检测函数是 wait_until_unreachable()。
PS:MHA 监控进程启动过程中,会读取配置文件,对配置文件中的服务器进行一系列检查,包括存活状态、版本信息、从库配置(read_only,relay_log_purge,log-bin,复制过滤等),ssh状态等,若检查不通过,则无法启动
在这个函数中会有一个死循环,持续地进行健康检测
1.首先,测试连接,连接正确返回0,否则返回1。
如果连接 MySQL 成功,则获取分布式锁, 如果获取分布式锁失败,返回状态值为 1如果连接 MySQL 失败,则返回状态值1和连接失败的报错,对于连接失败的下面几种情况(常见的有1040连接数满和1045权限拒绝)MHA 会认为 MySQL 进程是正常的,并不会触发切换,而是一直进行连接检测
our @ALIVE_ERROR_CODES = ( 1040, # ER_CON_COUNT_ERROR 1042, # ER_BAD_HOST_ERROR 1043, # ER_HANDSHAKE_ERROR 1044, # ER_DBACCESS_DENIED_ERROR 1045, # ER_ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR 1129, # ER_HOST_IS_BLOCKED 1130, # ER_HOST_NOT_PRIVILEGED 1203, # ER_TOO_MANY_USER_CONNECTIONS 1226, # ER_USER_LIMIT_REACHED 1251, # ER_NOT_SUPPORTED_AUTH_MODE 1275, # ER_SERVER_IS_IN_SECURE_AUTH_MODE);
2.测试连接成功后,则进行健康状态检测(前面说的3种方式);如果连续4次连接失败,则在第4次的时候会使用第二脚本进行检测(如果定义了的话),如果检测通过,则认为 master 挂掉
关键函数 wait_until_unreachable()代码:
# main functionsub wait_until_unreachable($) { my $self = shift; my $log = $self->{logger}; my $ssh_reachable = 2; my $error_count = 0; my $master_is_down = 0; eval { while (1) { $self->{_tstart} = [gettimeofday]; ## 判断是否需要建立连接 if ( $self->{_need_reconnect} ) { my ( $rc, $mysql_err ) = $self->connect( undef, undef, undef, undef, undef, $error_count ); if ($rc) { if ($mysql_err) { # 错误代码在ALIVE_ERROR_CODES中时,不触发切换,常见的有用户密码不正确,不会切换 if ( grep ( $_ == $mysql_err, @MHA::ManagerConst::ALIVE_ERROR_CODES ) > 0 ) { $log->info("Got MySQL error $mysql_err, but this is not a MySQL crash. Continue health check.." ); # next直接进入下次循环 $self->sleep_until(); next; } } $error_count++; $log->warning("Connection failed $error_count time(s).."); $self->handle_failing(); if ( $error_count >= 4 ) { $ssh_reachable = $self->is_ssh_reachable(); # 返回1表示主库down,0表示主库没有down $master_is_down = 1 if ( $self->is_secondary_down() ); # 主库down则跳出循环 last if ($master_is_down); $error_count = 0; } $self->sleep_until(); next; } # connection ok $self->{_need_reconnect} = 0; $log->info("Ping($self->{ping_type}) succeeded, waiting until MySQL doesn't respond.." ); } # 如果ping_type为connect,则断开连接 $self->disconnect_if() if ( $self->{ping_type} eq $MHA::ManagerConst::PING_TYPE_CONNECT ); # Parent process forks one child process. The child process queries # from MySQL every <interval> seconds. The child process may hang on # executing queries. # DBD::mysql 4.022 or earlier does not have an option to set # read timeout, executing queries might take forever. To avoid this, # the parent process kills the child process if it won't exit within # <interval> seconds. my $child_exit_code; eval { # 调用检测函数 if ( $self->{ping_type} eq $MHA::ManagerConst::PING_TYPE_CONNECT ) { $child_exit_code = $self->fork_exec( sub { $self->ping_connect() }, "MySQL Ping($self->{ping_type})" ); } elsif ( $self->{ping_type} eq $MHA::ManagerConst::PING_TYPE_SELECT ) { $child_exit_code = $self->fork_exec( sub { $self->ping_select() }, "MySQL Ping($self->{ping_type})" ); } elsif ( $self->{ping_type} eq $MHA::ManagerConst::PING_TYPE_INSERT ) { $child_exit_code = $self->fork_exec( sub { $self->ping_insert() }, "MySQL Ping($self->{ping_type})" ); } else { die "Not supported ping_type!\n"; } }; if ($@) { my $msg = "Unexpected error heppened when pinging! $@"; $log->error($msg); undef $@; $child_exit_code = 1; } if ( $child_exit_code == 0 ) { #ping ok ## ping成功的话,则更新状态,并将计数器置为0 $self->update_status_ok(); if ( $error_count > 0 ) { $error_count = 0; } $self->kill_sec_check(); $self->kill_ssh_check(); } elsif ( $child_exit_code == 2 ) { $self->{_already_monitored} = 1; croak; } else { ## 创建连接失败 # failed on fork_exec $error_count++; $self->{_need_reconnect} = 1; $self->handle_failing(); } $self->sleep_until(); } $log->warning("Master is not reachable from health checker!"); }; if ($@) { my $msg = "Got error when monitoring master: $@"; $log->warning($msg); undef $@; return 2 if ( $self->{_already_monitored} ); return 1; } return 1 unless ($master_is_down); return ( 0, $ssh_reachable );}1;
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