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IT运维实战篇:Nginx+Keepalived高可用架构配置实战教程

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前言:

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理论介绍:

Keepalived高可用软件简介

目前互联网主流的实现WEB网站及数据库服务高可用软件包括:keepalived、heartbeat等。Heartbeat是比较早期的实现高可用软件,而keepalived是目前轻量级的管理方便、易用的高可用软件解决方案,得到互联网公司IT人的青睐。

Keepalived是一个类似于工作在layer3, 4 & 7交换机制的软件,Keepalived软件有两种功能,分别是监控检查、VRRP冗余协议。

Keepalived的作用是检测web服务器的状态,如果有一台web服务器、Mysql服务器宕机,或工作出现故障,Keepalived将检测到后,会将有故障的web服务器或者Mysql服务器从系统中剔除,当服务器工作正常后Keepalived自动将web、Mysql服务器加入到服务器群中,这些工作全部自动完成,不需要人工干涉,需要人工做的只是修复故障的WEB和Mysql服务器。Layer3,4&7工作在IP/TCP协议栈的IP层、传输层及应用层,实现原理分别如下:

Layer3:Keepalived使用Layer3的方式工作式时,Keepalived会定期向服务器群中的服务器发送一个ICMP的数据包(,如果发现某台服务的IP地址无法ping通,Keepalived便报告这台服务器失效,并将它从服务器集群中剔除。Layer3的方式是以服务器的IP地址是否有效作为服务器工作正常与否的标准。

Layer4: Layer4主要以TCP端口的状态来决定服务器工作正常与否。如WEB server的服务端口一般是80,如果Keepalived检测到80端口没有启动,则Keepalived将把这台服务器从服务器群中剔除。

Layer7:Layer7工作在应用层,Keepalived将根据用户的设定检查服务器程序的运行是否正常,如果与用户的设定不相符,则Keepalived将把服务器从服务器群中剔除。

Keepalived VRRP原理剖析

虚拟路由冗余协议(Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol,简称VRRP)

Keepalived是VRRP的完美实现,在学习keepalived之前,必须了解VRRP协议的原理。在现实的网络环境中,两台需要通信的主机大多数情况下并没有直接的物理连接。对于这样的情况,它们之间路由怎样选择?主机如何选定到达目的主机的下一跳路由,这个问题通常的解决方法有二种:

在主机上使用动态路由协议RIP、OSPF;

在主机上配置静态路由;

在主机上配置路态路由是非常不切实际的,因为管理、维护成本以及是否支持等诸多问题。配置静态路由就变得十分流行,但路由器(或者说默认网关default gateway)却经常成为单点,VRRP的目的就是为了解决静态路由单点故障问题。VRRP通过一竞选(election)协议来动态的将路由任务交给LAN中虚拟路由器中的某台VRRP路由器。

在VRRP虚拟路由器集群中,由多台物理的路由器组成,但是这多台的物理路由器并不能同时工作,而是由一台称为MASTER路由器负责路由工作,其它的都是BACKUP,MASTER并非一成不变,VRRP会让每个VRRP路由器参与竞选,最终获胜的就是MASTER。

MASTER拥有一些特权,例如拥有虚拟路由器的IP地址或者成为VIP,拥有特权的MASTER要负责转发发送给网关地址的包和响应ARP请求。

VRRP通过竞选协议来实现虚拟路由器的功能,所有的协议报文都是通过IP多播(multicast)包(多播地址 224.0.0.18)形式发送的。虚拟路由器由VRID(范围0-255)和一组IP地址组成,对外表现为一个周知的MAC地址。所以在一组虚拟路由器集群中,不管谁是MASTER,对外都是相同的MAC和VIP。客户端主机并不需要因为MASTER的改变而修改自己的路由配置。

作为MASTER的VRRP路由器会一直发送VRRP广播包(VRRP Advertisement message),BACKUP不会抢占MASTER,除非它的优先级(Priority)更高。当MASTER不可用时(BACKUP收不到广播包时), 多台BACKUP中优先级最高的这台会抢占为MASTER。这种抢占是非常快速的,以保证服务的连续性。由于安全性考虑VRRP包使用了加密协议进行。

而keepalived可以基于VRRP技术,将两台物理主机当成路由器,两台物理机主机组成一个虚拟路由集群,Master高的主机产生VIP,该VIP负责转发用户发起的IP包或者负责处理用户的请求,Nginx+Keepalived组合,用户的请求直接访问keepalived VIP地址,然后访问Master相应服务和端口;

实战如下:

Nginx+Keepalived安装配置实战

环境准备:

系统版本:Centos6.7(最小化安装)

Keepalived版本:keepalived-1.2.15

Nginx版本:nginx-1.13.4

keepalived(主):192.168.60.93

keepalived(备):192.168.60.94

Apache:192.168.60.91

Apache1:192.168.60.92

VIP:192.168.60.88

1)Apache安装,执行以下命令

[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install httpd httpd-devel

写入测试文件,执行以下命令

[root@bogon ~]# echo "this is 192.168.60.91 server" >/var/www/html/index.html

启动httpd服务

service httpd restart

curl命令测试

[root@bogon ~]# curl localhost

1

2)Apache1安装

[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install httpd httpd-devel

写入测试文件,执行以下命令

[root@bogon ~]# echo "this is 192.168.60.92 server" >/var/www/html/index.html

启动httpd服务

service httpd restart

curl命令测试

[root@bogon ~]# curl localhost

2

3)Nginx+keepalived安装(主)

#安装Nginx软件

1)安装Nginx所需要的依赖包

yum -y install pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ wget

2)下载Nginx源码包

wget -c

3)解压

tar zxf nginx-1.13.4.tar.gz

cd nginx-1.13.4

4)隐藏Nginx版本号

sed -i 's/1.13.4/ /;s/nginx\//nginx/' src/core/nginx.h

5)创建www用户,执行预编译

useradd -s /sbin/nologin www

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=www --group=www --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module

6)编译Nginx

make &&make install

7)创建软连接

ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/nginx

#安装keepalived软件

1)安装keepalived所需要的依赖包

yum -y install openssl openssl-devel popt-devel kernel-devel gcc gcc-c++ libnl libnl-devel libnfnetlink-devel popt wget

2)下载keepalived软件包

wget -c

3)解压

tar zxf keepalived-1.2.15.tar.gz

cd keepalived-1.2.15

4)预编译keepalived

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.16.1.el6.x86_64

5)编译、安装keepalived

make && make install

6)创建软连接,拷贝相应的文件

ln -s /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d

chkconfig --add keepalived

chkconfig keepalived on

mkdir /etc/keepalived

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/

4)Nginx+keepalived安装(备)

#安装Nginx软件

1)安装Nginx所需要的依赖包

yum -y install pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ wget

2)下载Nginx源码包

wget -c

3)解压

tar zxf nginx-1.13.4.tar.gz

cd nginx-1.13.4

4)隐藏Nginx版本号

sed -i 's/1.13.4/ /;s/nginx\//nginx/' src/core/nginx.h

5)创建www用户,执行预编译

useradd -s /sbin/nologin www

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=www --group=www --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module

6)编译Nginx

make &&make install

7)创建软连接

ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/nginx

#安装keepalived软件

1)安装keepalived所需要的依赖包

yum -y install openssl openssl-devel popt-devel kernel-devel gcc gcc-c++ libnl libnl-devel libnfnetlink-devel popt wget

2)下载keepalived软件包

wget -c

3)解压

tar zxf keepalived-1.2.15.tar.gz

cd keepalived-1.2.15

4)预编译keepalived

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.16.1.el6.x86_64

5)编译、安装keepalived

make && make install

6)创建软连接,拷贝相应的文件

ln -s /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d

chkconfig --add keepalived

chkconfig keepalived on

mkdir /etc/keepalived

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/

5)Nginx负载均衡配置(主)

编辑/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件,配置内容如下

worker_processes 1;events {worker_connections 1024;}http {include mime.types;default_type application/octet-stream;sendfile on;keepalive_timeout 65;upstream test_web {server 192.168.60.91:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;server 192.168.60.92:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;}server {listen 80;server_name localhost;location / {proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;proxy_pass ;proxy_set_header Host $host;proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;}}}

6)Nginx负载均衡配置(备)

编辑/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件,配置内容如下

worker_processes 1;events {worker_connections 1024;}http {include mime.types;default_type application/octet-stream;sendfile on;keepalive_timeout 65;upstream test_web {server 192.168.60.91:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;server 192.168.60.92:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;}server {listen 80;server_name localhost;location / {proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;proxy_pass ;proxy_set_header Host $host;proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;}}}

7)编辑keepalived(主)配置文件

编辑vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf,配置内容如下

! Configuration File for keepalived global_defs { notification_email { 123@qq.com } notification_email_from 123@qq.com smtp_server 127.0.0.1 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id LVS_DEVEL } vrrp_script chk_nginx { script "/data/shell/check_nginx.sh" interval 2 weight 2 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER interface eth0 virtual_router_id 51 mcast_src_ip 192.168.60.93 priority 100 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.60.88 } track_script { chk_nginx } }

8)编辑keepalived(备)配置文件

编辑vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf,配置内容如下

! Configuration File for keepalived global_defs { notification_email { 123@qq.com } notification_email_from 123@qq.com smtp_server 127.0.0.1 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id LVS_DEVEL } vrrp_script chk_nginx { script "/data/shell/check_nginx.sh" interval 2 weight 2 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state BACKUP interface eth0 virtual_router_id 51 mcast_src_ip 192.168.60.94 priority 99 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.60.88 } track_script { chk_nginx } }

9)启动nginx和keepalived服务(主)

[root@bogon ~]# nginx -t

[root@bogon ~]# nginx

[root@bogon ~]# service keepalived start

[root@bogon ~]# ps -ef | egrep 'keep|nginx'

3

10)启动nginx和keepalived服务(备)

[root@bogon ~]# nginx -t

[root@bogon ~]# nginx

[root@bogon ~]# service keepalived start

[root@bogon ~]# ps -ef | egrep 'keep|nginx'

4

11)编写nginx检测存活脚本(主),脚本内容如下:

[root@bogon ~]# mkdir -p /data/shell

[root@bogon ~]# vim /data/shell/check_nginx.sh

[root@bogon ~]# chmod o+x /data/shell/check_nginx.sh

#!/bin/bash#2018-11-27 14:27:56#author by FY#Automatic detection of nginx process stateNUM=`ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "nginx: master process"`if [ "$NUM" -eq 0 ];thenservice keepalived stopecho -e "\033[32m `date +%Y%m%d:%H:%M` nginx|keepalived is stop success \033[0m[" >> /tmp/nginx_keepalived.logfi

保存退出~~

12)编写nginx检测存活脚本(备),脚本内容如下:

[root@bogon ~]# mkdir -p /data/shell

[root@bogon ~]# vim /data/shell/check_nginx.sh

[root@bogon ~]# chmod o+x /data/shell/check_nginx.sh

#!/bin/bash#2018-11-27 14:27:56#author by FY#Automatic detection of nginx process stateNUM=`ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "nginx: master process"`if [ "$NUM" -eq 0 ];thenservice keepalived stopecho -e "\033[32m `date +%Y%m%d:%H:%M` nginx|keepalived is stop success \033[0m[" >> /tmp/nginx_keepalived.logfi

保存退出~~

实验结果:当nginx(主)机器宕机后,VIP自动漂移到keepalived(备)机器上,如下图

正常在keepalived(主)运行:

5

6

7

当nginx宕机后,自动漂移过来,如下图

[root@localhost ~]# pkill nginx

8

9

10

11

13)编写检测nginx和keepalived状态的脚本(因为nginx宕机之后,keepalived和nginx不会自动起来),并加到定时任务(主和备机器都需要执行一遍)

手动编辑vim /data/shell/auto_nginx_status.sh文件,脚本内容如下:

#!/bin/bash#2018-11-27 14:27:56#author by FY#Automatic detection of nginx and keepalived process statesNUM=`ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "nginx: master process"`NUM1=`ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "keepalived"`if [ "$NUM" -ne 0 -a "$NUM" -eq 0 ];thenservice keeaplived startfiif [ "$NUM" -eq 0 -a "$NUM1" -eq 0 ];then/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginxservice keepalived startfi

保存退出~~~

14)添加到定时任务,执行以下命令:

[root@bogon shell]# echo "*/1 * * * * root sh /data/shell/auto_nginx_status.sh" >> /etc/crontab

[root@bogon shell]# cat /etc/crontab

[root@bogon shell]# service crond restart

12

到此结束,谢谢支持

标签: #nginx keepalived #nginx keepalived架构