跟老韩学Linux SRE

openssl用于加解密，已经是事实上的标准，帮助手册如下。

OPENSSL(1SSL)                            OpenSSL                            OPENSSL(1SSL)NAME       openssl - OpenSSL command line programSYNOPSIS       openssl command [ options ... ] [ parameters ... ]       openssl list standard-commands | digest-commands | cipher-commands | cipher-       algorithms | digest-algorithms | mac-algorithms | public-key-algorithms       openssl no-XXX [ options ]DESCRIPTION       OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL       v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related       cryptography standards required by them.       The openssl program is a command line program for using the various cryptography       functions of OpenSSL's crypto library from the shell.  It can be used for        o  Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters        o  Public key cryptographic operations        o  Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs        o  Calculation of Message Digests and Message Authentication Codes        o  Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers        o  SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests        o  Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail        o  Timestamp requests, generation and verificationCOMMAND SUMMARY       The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands (command in the "SYNOPSIS"       above).  Each command can have many options and argument parameters, shown above       as options and parameters.       Detailed documentation and use cases for most standard subcommands are available       (e.g., openssl-x509(1)).       The list options -standard-commands, -digest-commands, and -cipher-commands output       a list (one entry per line) of the names of all standard commands, message digest       commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available.       The list parameters -cipher-algorithms, -digest-algorithms, and -mac-algorithms       list all cipher, message digest, and message authentication code names, one entry       per line. Aliases are listed as:        from => to       The list parameter -public-key-algorithms lists all supported public key       algorithms.       The command no-XXX tests whether a command of the specified name is available.  If       no command named XXX exists, it returns 0 (success) and prints no-XXX; otherwise       it returns 1 and prints XXX.  In both cases, the output goes to stdout and nothing       is printed to stderr.  Additional command line arguments are always ignored.       Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy       way for shell scripts to test for the availability of ciphers in the openssl       program.  (no-XXX is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as quit, list, or       no-XXX itself.)   Configuration Option       Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their       arguments and have a -config option to specify that file.  The default name of the       file is openssl.cnf in the default certificate storage area, which can be       determined from the openssl-version(1) command using the -d or -a option.  The       environment variable OPENSSL_CONF can be used to specify a different file location       or to disable loading a configuration (using the empty string).       Among others, the configuration file can be used to load modules and to specify       parameters for generating certificates and random numbers.  See config(5) for       details.   Standard Commands       asn1parse           Parse an ASN.1 sequence.       ca  Certificate Authority (CA) Management.       ciphers           Cipher Suite Description Determination.       cms CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) command.       crl Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.       crl2pkcs7           CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.       dgst           Message Digest calculation. MAC calculations are superseded by openssl-mac(1).       dhparam           Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by           openssl-genpkey(1) and openssl-pkeyparam(1).       dsa DSA Data Management.       dsaparam           DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by openssl-genpkey(1) and           openssl-pkeyparam(1).       ec  EC (Elliptic curve) key processing.       ecparam           EC parameter manipulation and generation.       enc Encryption, decryption, and encoding.       engine           Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation.       errstr           Error Number to Error String Conversion.       fipsinstall           FIPS configuration installation.       gendsa           Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by           openssl-genpkey(1) and openssl-pkey(1).       genpkey           Generation of Private Key or Parameters.       genrsa           Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by openssl-genpkey(1).       help           Display information about a command's options.       info           Display diverse information built into the OpenSSL libraries.       kdf Key Derivation Functions.       list           List algorithms and features.       mac Message Authentication Code Calculation.       nseq           Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence.       ocsp           Online Certificate Status Protocol command.       passwd           Generation of hashed passwords.       pkcs12           PKCS#12 Data Management.       pkcs7           PKCS#7 Data Management.       pkcs8           PKCS#8 format private key conversion command.       pkey           Public and private key management.       pkeyparam           Public key algorithm parameter management.       pkeyutl           Public key algorithm cryptographic operation command.       prime           Compute prime numbers.       rand           Generate pseudo-random bytes.       rehash           Create symbolic links to certificate and CRL files named by the hash values.       req PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.       rsa RSA key management.       rsautl           RSA command for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded           by  openssl-pkeyutl(1).       s_client           This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent           connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing           purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but           internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library.       s_server           This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote           clients speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides           only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all           functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library.  It provides both an own command           line oriented protocol for testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response           facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware webserver.       s_time           SSL Connection Timer.       sess_id           SSL Session Data Management.       smime           S/MIME mail processing.       speed           Algorithm Speed Measurement.       spkac           SPKAC printing and generating command.       srp Maintain SRP password file. This command is deprecated.       storeutl           Command to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc.       ts  Time Stamping Authority command.       verify           X.509 Certificate Verification.  See also the openssl-verification-options(1)           manual page.       version           OpenSSL Version Information.       x509           X.509 Certificate Data Management.   Message Digest Commands       blake2b512           BLAKE2b-512 Digest       blake2s256           BLAKE2s-256 Digest       md2 MD2 Digest       md4 MD4 Digest       md5 MD5 Digest       mdc2           MDC2 Digest       rmd160           RMD-160 Digest       sha1           SHA-1 Digest       sha224           SHA-2 224 Digest       sha256           SHA-2 256 Digest       sha384           SHA-2 384 Digest       sha512           SHA-2 512 Digest       sha3-224           SHA-3 224 Digest       sha3-256           SHA-3 256 Digest       sha3-384           SHA-3 384 Digest       sha3-512           SHA-3 512 Digest       shake128           SHA-3 SHAKE128 Digest       shake256           SHA-3 SHAKE256 Digest       sm3 SM3 Digest   Encryption, Decryption, and Encoding Commands       The following aliases provide convenient access to the most used encodings and       ciphers.       Depending on how OpenSSL was configured and built, not all ciphers listed here may       be present. See openssl-enc(1) for more information.       aes128, aes-128-cbc, aes-128-cfb, aes-128-ctr, aes-128-ecb, aes-128-ofb           AES-128 Cipher       aes192, aes-192-cbc, aes-192-cfb, aes-192-ctr, aes-192-ecb, aes-192-ofb           AES-192 Cipher       aes256, aes-256-cbc, aes-256-cfb, aes-256-ctr, aes-256-ecb, aes-256-ofb           AES-256 Cipher       aria128, aria-128-cbc, aria-128-cfb, aria-128-ctr, aria-128-ecb, aria-128-ofb           Aria-128 Cipher       aria192, aria-192-cbc, aria-192-cfb, aria-192-ctr, aria-192-ecb, aria-192-ofb           Aria-192 Cipher       aria256, aria-256-cbc, aria-256-cfb, aria-256-ctr, aria-256-ecb, aria-256-ofb           Aria-256 Cipher       base64           Base64 Encoding       bf, bf-cbc, bf-cfb, bf-ecb, bf-ofb           Blowfish Cipher       camellia128, camellia-128-cbc, camellia-128-cfb, camellia-128-ctr,       camellia-128-ecb, camellia-128-ofb           Camellia-128 Cipher       camellia192, camellia-192-cbc, camellia-192-cfb, camellia-192-ctr,       camellia-192-ecb, camellia-192-ofb           Camellia-192 Cipher       camellia256, camellia-256-cbc, camellia-256-cfb, camellia-256-ctr,       camellia-256-ecb, camellia-256-ofb           Camellia-256 Cipher       cast, cast-cbc           CAST Cipher       cast5-cbc, cast5-cfb, cast5-ecb, cast5-ofb           CAST5 Cipher       chacha20           Chacha20 Cipher       des, des-cbc, des-cfb, des-ecb, des-ede, des-ede-cbc, des-ede-cfb, des-ede-ofb,       des-ofb           DES Cipher       des3, desx, des-ede3, des-ede3-cbc, des-ede3-cfb, des-ede3-ofb           Triple-DES Cipher       idea, idea-cbc, idea-cfb, idea-ecb, idea-ofb           IDEA Cipher       rc2, rc2-cbc, rc2-cfb, rc2-ecb, rc2-ofb           RC2 Cipher       rc4 RC4 Cipher       rc5, rc5-cbc, rc5-cfb, rc5-ecb, rc5-ofb           RC5 Cipher       seed, seed-cbc, seed-cfb, seed-ecb, seed-ofb           SEED Cipher       sm4, sm4-cbc, sm4-cfb, sm4-ctr, sm4-ecb, sm4-ofb           SM4 CipherOPTIONS       Details of which options are available depend on the specific command.  This       section describes some common options with common behavior.   Common Options       -help           Provides a terse summary of all options.  If an option takes an argument, the           "type" of argument is also given.       --  This terminates the list of options. It is mostly useful if any filename           parameters start with a minus sign:            openssl verify [flags...] -- -cert1.pem...   Format Options       See openssl-format-options(1) for manual page.   Pass Phrase Options       See the openssl-passphrase-options(1) manual page.   Random State Options       Prior to OpenSSL 1.1.1, it was common for applications to store information about       the state of the random-number generator in a file that was loaded at startup and       rewritten upon exit. On modern operating systems, this is generally no longer       necessary as OpenSSL will seed itself from a trusted entropy source provided by       the operating system. These flags are still supported for special platforms or       circumstances that might require them.       It is generally an error to use the same seed file more than once and every use of       -rand should be paired with -writerand.       -rand files           A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number           generator.  Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent           character.  The separator is ";" for MS-Windows, "," for OpenVMS, and ":" for           all others. Another way to specify multiple files is to repeat this flag with           different filenames.       -writerand file           Writes the seed data to the specified file upon exit.  This file can be used           in a subsequent command invocation.   Certificate Verification Options       See the openssl-verification-options(1) manual page.   Name Format Options       See the openssl-namedisplay-options(1) manual page.   TLS Version Options       Several commands use SSL, TLS, or DTLS. By default, the commands use TLS and       clients will offer the lowest and highest protocol version they support, and       servers will pick the highest version that the client offers that is also       supported by the server.       The options below can be used to limit which protocol versions are used, and       whether TCP (SSL and TLS) or UDP (DTLS) is used.  Note that not all protocols and       flags may be available, depending on how OpenSSL was built.       -ssl3, -tls1, -tls1_1, -tls1_2, -tls1_3, -no_ssl3, -no_tls1, -no_tls1_1,       -no_tls1_2, -no_tls1_3           These options require or disable the use of the specified SSL or TLS           protocols.  When a specific TLS version is required, only that version will be           offered or accepted.  Only one specific protocol can be given and it cannot be           combined with any of the no_ options.       -dtls, -dtls1, -dtls1_2           These options specify to use DTLS instead of DLTS.  With -dtls, clients will           negotiate any supported DTLS protocol version.  Use the -dtls1 or -dtls1_2           options to support only DTLS1.0 or DTLS1.2, respectively.   Engine Options       -engine id           Load the engine identified by id and use all the methods it implements           (algorithms, key storage, etc.), unless specified otherwise in the command-           specific documentation or it is configured to do so, as described in "Engine           Configuration" in config(5).           The engine will be used for key ids specified with -key and similar options           when an option like -keyform engine is given.           A special case is the "loader_attic" engine, which is meant just for internal           OpenSSL testing purposes and supports loading keys, parameters, certificates,           and CRLs from files.  When this engine is used, files with such credentials           are read via this engine.  Using the "file:" schema is optional; a plain file           (path) name will do.       Options specifying keys, like -key and similar, can use the generic OpenSSL engine       key loading URI scheme "org.openssl.engine:" to retrieve private keys and public       keys.  The URI syntax is as follows, in simplified form:           org.openssl.engine:{engineid}:{keyid}       Where "{engineid}" is the identity/name of the engine, and "{keyid}" is a key       identifier that's acceptable by that engine.  For example, when using an engine       that interfaces against a PKCS#11 implementation, the generic key URI would be       something like this (this happens to be an example for the PKCS#11 engine that's       part of OpenSC):           -key org.openssl.engine:pkcs11:label_some-private-key       As a third possibility, for engines and providers that have implemented their own       OSSL_STORE_LOADER(3), "org.openssl.engine:" should not be necessary.  For a       PKCS#11 implementation that has implemented such a loader, the PKCS#11 URI as       defined in RFC 7512 should be possible to use directly:           -key pkcs11:object=some-private-key;pin-value=1234   Provider Options       -provider name           Load and initialize the provider identified by name. The name can be also a           path to the provider module. In that case the provider name will be the           specified path and not just the provider module name.  Interpretation of           relative paths is platform specific. The configured "MODULESDIR" path,           OPENSSL_MODULES environment variable, or the path specified by -provider-path           is prepended to relative paths.  See provider(7) for a more detailed           description.       -provider-path path           Specifies the search path that is to be used for looking for providers.           Equivalently, the OPENSSL_MODULES environment variable may be set.       -propquery propq           Specifies the property query clause to be used when fetching algorithms from           the loaded providers.  See property(7) for a more detailed description.ENVIRONMENT       The OpenSSL library can be take some configuration parameters from the       environment.  Some of these variables are listed below.  For information about       specific commands, see openssl-engine(1), openssl-rehash(1), and tsget(1).       For information about the use of environment variables in configuration, see       "ENVIRONMENT" in config(5).       For information about querying or specifying CPU architecture flags, see       OPENSSL_ia32cap(3), and OPENSSL_s390xcap(3).       For information about all environment variables used by the OpenSSL libraries, see       openssl-env(7).       OPENSSL_TRACE=name[,...]           Enable tracing output of OpenSSL library, by name.  This output will only make           sense if you know OpenSSL internals well.  Also, it might not give you any           output at all, depending on how OpenSSL was built.           The value is a comma separated list of names, with the following available:           TRACE               The tracing functionality.           TLS General SSL/TLS.           TLS_CIPHER               SSL/TLS cipher.           CONF               Show details about provider and engine configuration.           ENGINE_TABLE               The function that is used by RSA, DSA (etc) code to select registered               ENGINEs, cache defaults and functional references (etc), will generate               debugging summaries.           ENGINE_REF_COUNT               Reference counts in the ENGINE structure will be monitored with a line of               generated for each change.           PKCS5V2               PKCS#5 v2 keygen.           PKCS12_KEYGEN               PKCS#12 key generation.           PKCS12_DECRYPT               PKCS#12 decryption.           X509V3_POLICY               Generates the complete policy tree at various point during X.509 v3 policy               evaluation.           BN_CTX               BIGNUM context.SEE ALSO       openssl-asn1parse(1), openssl-ca(1), openssl-ciphers(1), openssl-cms(1),       openssl-crl(1), openssl-crl2pkcs7(1), openssl-dgst(1), openssl-dhparam(1),       openssl-dsa(1), openssl-dsaparam(1), openssl-ec(1), openssl-ecparam(1),       openssl-enc(1), openssl-engine(1), openssl-errstr(1), openssl-gendsa(1),       openssl-genpkey(1), openssl-genrsa(1), openssl-kdf(1), openssl-mac(1),       openssl-nseq(1), openssl-ocsp(1), openssl-passwd(1), openssl-pkcs12(1),       openssl-pkcs7(1), openssl-pkcs8(1), openssl-pkey(1), openssl-pkeyparam(1),       openssl-pkeyutl(1), openssl-prime(1), openssl-rand(1), openssl-rehash(1),       openssl-req(1), openssl-rsa(1), openssl-rsautl(1), openssl-s_client(1),       openssl-s_server(1), openssl-s_time(1), openssl-sess_id(1), openssl-smime(1),       openssl-speed(1), openssl-spkac(1), openssl-srp(1), openssl-storeutl(1),       openssl-ts(1), openssl-verify(1), openssl-version(1), openssl-x509(1), config(5),       crypto(7), openssl-env(7).  ssl(7), x509v3_config(5)HISTORY       The list -XXX-algorithms options were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0; For notes on the       availability of other commands, see their individual manual pages.       The -issuer_checks option is deprecated as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 and is silently       ignored.       The -xcertform and -xkeyform options are obsolete since OpenSSL 3.0 and have no       effect.       The interactive mode, which could be invoked by running "openssl" with no further       arguments, was removed in OpenSSL 3.0, and running that program with no arguments       is now equivalent to "openssl help".COPYRIGHT       Copyright 2000-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.       Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License").  You may not use this file       except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE       in the source distribution or at <;.3.0.2                                   2022-06-15                          OPENSSL(1SSL)