前言:
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单例模式是Java中最简单的设计模式之一。这种类型的设计模式属于创建型模式,它提供了一种创建 对象的最佳方式
单例模式确保在一个应用程序中某一个类只有一个实例,而且自行实例化并向整个系统提供这个实例 单例实例。
满足条件
单例模式只应在有真正的“单一实例”的需求时才可使用:
单例类只能有一个实例单例类必须自己创建自己的唯一实例单例类必须给所有其他对象提供这一实例两种形式
Java中实现单例模式可以通过两种形式实现:
懒汉模式 (类加载时不初始化)饿汉模式 (在类加载时就完成了初始化,所以类加载较慢,但获取对象的速度快)设计要求
编写单例必须满足下面的条件:
构造方法变成私有提供一个静态方法获取单实例对象饿汉模式
饿汉模式基于classloader机制避免了多线程的同步问题(静态初始化将保证在任何线程能够访问到域之前初始化它),不过,instance在类装载时就实例化,这时候初始化instance显然没有达到懒加载(lazy loading)的效果
饿汉单例相对比较容易理解,一般表现为以下两种形式:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class Singleton1 { private static Singleton1 instance = new Singleton1(); // 私有构造方法,保证外界无法直接实例化。 private Singleton1() { } // 通过公有的静态方法获取对象实例 public static Singleton1 getInstance() { return instance; }}
也可以将静态对象初始化放在静态代码块中
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class Singleton2 { private static Singleton2 instance = null; // 对象初始化放在静态代码块中 static { instance = new Singleton2(); } // 私有构造方法,保证外界无法直接实例化。 private Singleton2() { } // 通过公有的静态方法获取对象实例 public static Singleton2 getInstance() { return instance; }}懒汉方式
实现单例模式能够提高类加载性能,但是和饿汉模式借助与JVM的类加载内部同步机制实现了线程安全不同,需要在延迟加载时注意单例实例的线程安全性,如果简单粗暴的实现,在多线程环境中将引起运行异常。
例如下面代码将引起运行异常:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class Singleton3 { private static Singleton3 instance; private Singleton3() { } public static Singleton3 getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton3(); } return instance; }}
上述代码多线程同时访问时可能会产生多个示例,甚至会破坏实例,违背单例的设计原则
用下面代码也能测试出来:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class SingletonTest implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { Singleton3 singleton3 =Singleton3.getInstance(); System.out.println(singleton3); } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0;i<10;i++){ SingletonTest myThread = new SingletonTest(); Thread thread = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread3 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); thread.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); } }}懒汉式多线程解决方案synchronized
可以为返回单例实例的方法设置同步用来保证线程安全性
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class Singleton4 { private static Singleton4 instance; private Singleton4() { } public synchronized static Singleton4 getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton4(); } return instance; }}
这种写法能够在多线程中很好的工作,而且看起来它也具备很好的懒加载(lazy loading),但遗憾的是,由于整个方法被同步,因此效率相对较低
双检查锁方式
使用双检查锁需要进行两次instance == null的判断
第一次判断没有锁,如果install不为null直接返回单实例对象,提高效率第二次判断防止多线程创建多个实例,假如A和B 两个线程同时争抢synchronized锁,A先争抢到锁,B 等待,A线程instance赋值实例化对象,释放锁,B线程获取到到锁,如果没有第二次判断的话,直接又会创建对象,那么就不符合单例要求
并且还需要为这个静态对象加上volatile关键字, volatile在这里的作用是:通知其他线程及时更新变量;保证有序性,禁止指令重排序。
通知其他线程及时更新变量还简单明了,第二个作用是这样的,我们举例说明一下:
原因举例说明: 在执行instance = new Singleton()语句时,一共是有三步操作的。
堆中分配内存调用构造方法进行初始化将instance引用指向内存地址。
在这三步有可能会产生指令重排序即有两种结果可能产生: 123与132(不管怎么重排序,单线程程序 的执行结果不会改变)
如果A线程执行到 instance = new Singleton() ,此时2 ,3发生重排序,选执行3,则instance已经不为 null,但是指向的对象还未初始化完成,如果此时B对象判断instance 不为null就会直接返回一个未初始 化完成的对象。
双检查锁方式代码如下:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class Singleton5 { private volatile static Singleton5 instance; private Singleton5() { } // 使用双检查锁方式 public static Singleton5 getInstance() { if (instance == null) { synchronized(Singleton5.class){ if(instance == null){ instance = new Singleton5(); } } } return instance; }}
再测一下,没有问题:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs dart" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class SingletonTest implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { Singleton5 singleton5 =Singleton5.getInstance(); System.out.println(singleton5); } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0;i<10;i++){ SingletonTest myThread = new SingletonTest(); Thread thread = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread3 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread4 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread5 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); thread.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); thread4.start(); thread5.start(); } }}静态内部类
之前提到了,静态初始化将在实例被任何线程访问到之前对其进行初始化,因此,可以借助于这个特性对懒汉单例进行改造:
静态内部类加载机制:使用时候才被加载,而且多线程情况下, classloader能够保证只加载一份字节码
代码如下:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class Singleton6 { private static class SingletonHolder { private final static Singleton6 Instance = new Singleton6(); } private Singleton6() { } public static final Singleton6 getInstance() { return SingletonHolder.Instance; } public void say() { System.out.println("调用了say方法"); } public static void sayHello() { System.out.println("调用了sayHello方法"); }}
测试也OK:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs dart" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class SingletonTest implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { Singleton6 singleton6 =Singleton6.getInstance(); System.out.println(singleton6); singleton6.say(); } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0;i<10;i++){ SingletonTest myThread = new SingletonTest(); Thread thread = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread3 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread4 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread5 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); thread.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); thread4.start(); thread5.start(); } }}枚举(别瞎用)
JDK1.5之后引入了枚举,由于枚举的特性,可以利用其来实现单例,它不仅能避免多线程同步问 题,而且还能防止反序列化重新创建新的对象(序列化和反序列化后是同一个对象)
代码如下
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public enum Singleton7 { INSTANCE; public void say(){ System.out.println("say ni hello!"); }}
测试一下:
<pre class="prettyprint hljs dart" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto;">package com.shixun.design.singleton;public class SingletonTest implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { Singleton7 singleton7 = Singleton7.INSTANCE; System.out.println(singleton7.hashCode()); singleton7.say(); } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0;i<10;i++){ SingletonTest myThread = new SingletonTest(); Thread thread = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread3 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread4 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread5 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); thread.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); thread4.start(); thread5.start(); } } /** * 生写懒汉式多线程问题 */ private static void method01() { for (int i=0;i<100;i++){ SingletonTest myThread = new SingletonTest(); Thread thread = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); Thread thread3 = new Thread(myThread, String.valueOf(i)); thread.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); } }}
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