What Was the Partition of India?印度巴基斯坦分家史

The Partition of India was the process of dividing the subcontinent along sectarian lines, which took place in 1947 as India gained its independence from the British Raj. The northern, predominantly Muslim sections of India became the nation of Pakistan, while the southern and majority Hindu section became the Republic of India.

1947年的印度次大陆，在英国统治下的印度一分为二，北部成立由穆斯林组成的巴基斯坦，南部成立由印度教组成的印度共和国。

Background to Partition分家的背景

Beginning in 1757, the British commercial enterprise known as the East India Company ruled parts of the subcontinent beginning with Bengal, a period known as the Company Rule or Company Raj. In 1858, after the brutal Sepoy Rebellion, the rule of India was transferred to the English crown, with Queen Victoria proclaimed as Empress of India in 1878. By the latter half of the 19th century, England had brought the full force of the Industrial Revolution to the region, with railroads, canals, bridges, and telegraph lines providing new communication links and opportunities.

自1757年开始，一家英国公司—东印度公司自孟加拉开始，逐步控制整个印度大陆。1858年的一场印度兵哗变发生后，英国政府取代东印度公司对印度印度进行直接统治。自此，白脸英国老太太维多利亚便成为了广大印度百姓的女王。19世纪末英国将工业革命的成果带到了印度，建立起了铁路、运河、桥梁和电报系统，为印度大陆的发展注入新活力。

Most of the jobs created went to the English; much of the land used for these advances came from the farmers and were paid for by local taxes.

但是，印度当时的工业发展并没有带动本地人就业，所有的肥差都交给了英国人，印度人该被剥削的还是继续被剥削。工业发展征用的土地由印度殖民政府的税收进行补偿，所谓取之于民，用之于英国人。

Medical advances under the Company and British Raj, such as smallpox vaccinations, improved sanitation, and quarantine procedures, led to a steep rise in population. Protectionist landlords depressed agricultural innovations in the rural areas, and as a result, famines broke out. The worst was known as the Great Famine of 1876–1878, when between 6–10 million people died. Universities established in India led to a new middle class, and in turn, social reform and political action began to rise.

大东印度公司的统治时期，得益于天花疫苗的普及，医疗卫生技术的传播、传染病隔离手段的应用，印度本地人口大增。然而在郊区，保守派大地主们抵制农业技术革新，导致饥荒爆发，其中最恶劣的饥荒暴发于1876-1878年，六百至一千万百姓饿死。印度各个大学的成立诞生了新的中产阶层，受过教育后明智开化的印度人开始了社会变革的诉求。

The Rise of Sectarian Separation宗派分离的兴起

In 1885, the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress (INC) met for the first time. When the British made an attempt to divide the state of Bengal along religious lines in 1905, the INC led huge protests against the plan. This sparked the formation of the Muslim League, which sought to guarantee the rights of Muslims in any future independence negotiations. Although the Muslim League formed in opposition to the INC, and the British colonial government attempted to play the INC and Muslim League off one another, the two political parties generally cooperated in their mutual goal of getting Britain to "Quit India." As British historian Yasmin Khan (born 1977) has described, political events were to destroy the long-term future of that uneasy alliance.

1885年，由印度教徒建立起的印度国家议会（INC）成立。当英国人试图在孟加拉划分教派地盘时，INC组起了大量的反抗行为。在这一背景下，为了保证印度独立后广大穆斯林的权益，印度穆斯林联盟成立。这时英国用采取了其惯用的鹤蚌相争的手段，然而，印度这两个派系有着一个共同的目标：将英国人赶出印度。

In 1909, the British gave separate electorates to different religious communities, which had the outcome of hardening of boundaries among the different sects. The colonial government emphasized these differences, by such activities as providing separate restroom and water facilities for Muslims and Hindus at the railway terminals. By the 1920s, a heightened sense of religious ethnicity became apparent. Riots broke out at such times as during Holi festival, when sacred cows were slaughtered, or when Hindu religious music was played in front of mosques at prayer time.

1909年，英国殖民政府将选举权分配给不同的宗派地区，加剧了宗派的纷争和冲突。殖民政府通过一系列措施为印度内斗的火焰添油加醋，例如为不同教派提供不同的休息区；在火车站提供穆斯林服务区和印度教服务区，加剧印度百姓的宗派意识。1920年代，宗派意识已经刻到了印度百姓的骨子里，宗派间的暴力冲突开始发酵，例如在印度教的胡里节，穆斯林宰牛；穆斯林祷告期间，印度教徒在清真寺大声播放印度教音乐。

Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)

World War I and Afterward第一次世界大战及后

Despite the growing unrest, both the INC and the Muslim League supported sending Indian volunteer troops to fight on Britain's behalf in World War I. In exchange for the service of more than one million Indian soldiers, the people of India expected political concessions up to and including independence. However, after the war, Britain offered no such concessions.

抛开彼此间的冲突，INC与穆斯林联盟一致同意将印度志愿军加入英军阵线，这么做及可以打造一批富有战争经验的印度士兵，同时在跟英军进行独立谈判时，掌握更多话语权。然后，战争结束后，英国似乎不愿意在印度独立的问题上让步。

In April 1919, a unit of the British Army went to Amritsar, in Punjab, to silence pro-independence unrest. The unit's commander ordered his men to open fire on the unarmed crowd, killing more than 1,000 protesters. When word of the Amritsar Massacre spread around India, hundreds of thousands of formerly apolitical people became supporters of the INC and the Muslim League.

1919年四月，一支英军部队来到旁遮普的阿姆利则，镇压当地的印度独立活动。英军指挥官下令向手无寸铁的群众开枪，导致超过一千名抗议者丧命。当消息传遍印度后，成千上万名原本政治嗅觉不敏感的群众，愤怒的成为了INC和穆斯林联盟的支持者。

In the 1930s, Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1948) became the leading figure in the INC. Although he advocated a unified Hindu and Muslim India, with equal rights for all, other INC members were less inclined to join with Muslims against the British. As a result, the Muslim League began to make plans for a separate Muslim state.

1930年，甘地成为了INC的领导者，尽管他呼吁建立一个印度教徒和穆斯林和平共处、人人平等的印度，但INC其他的领导人并不这样认为，他们不愿意与穆斯林为伍。因此，穆斯林联盟开始酝酿建立独立的国家。

第一次世界大战中的印度士兵

World War II第二次世界大战

World War II sparked a crisis in relations between the British, the INC, and the Muslim League. The British government expected India once again to provide much-needed soldiers and material for the war effort, but the INC opposed sending Indians to fight and die in Britain's war. After the betrayal following World War I, the INC saw no benefit for India in such a sacrifice. The Muslim League, however, decided to back Britain's call for volunteers, in an effort to curry British favor in support of a Muslim nation in post-independence northern India.

第二次世界大战的出现，使得英国殖民政府、INC与穆斯林联盟的矛盾开始爆发。英国再次希望印度为盟军提供兵员和原材料，有了一战的前车之鉴，INC坚决反对将士兵送往英军部队做无谓的牺牲。为了在日后分家谈判得到英国的支持，穆斯林联盟响应了英军的号召。（这就是为什么在两次世界大战的香港和上海租借，会出现这么多印度兵的原因。）

Before the war had even ended, public opinion in Britain had swung against the distraction and expense of empire: the cost of the war had severely depleted Britain's coffers. The party of British prime minister Winston Churchill (1874–1965) was voted out of office, and the pro-independence Labour Party was voted in during 1945. Labour called for almost immediate independence for India, as well as more gradual freedom for Britain's other colonial holdings.

随着二战的进行，英国的民众开始认为，帝国的精力散布得太广，殖民开支过于庞大。战争的代价拖垮了大不列颠的财政。1945年英国首相丘吉尔在续任选举中败阵下来，倾向殖民地独立的劳动党上任，掌权后的劳动党要求印度立即独立，其他的英属殖民地也要逐渐脱离英国的控制。

A Separate Muslim State独立的穆斯林国家

The Muslim League's leader, Muhammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), began a public campaign in favor of a separate Muslim state. The INC leaders such as Nehru were in favor of a united India since Hindus would have formed the vast majority of the Indian population and would have been in control of any democratic form of government.

穆斯林联盟的领导人阿里·真纳开始为独立的穆斯林国家造势。在印度，印度教徒占绝对的人数优势，因此INC领导人尼鲁的算盘是，建立一个统一的印度，印度教徒将在日后的政府席位中占有绝对的数量优势。

As independence neared, the country began to descend toward a sectarian civil war. Although Gandhi implored the Indian people to unite in peaceful opposition to British rule, the Muslim League sponsored a "Direct Action Day" on August 16, 1946, which resulted in the deaths of more than 4,000 Hindus and Sikhs in Calcutta (Kolkata). This touched off the "Week of the Long Knives," an orgy of sectarian violence that resulted in hundreds of deaths on both sides in various cities across the country.

随着独立日期将近，印度朝着宗派内战的方向越走越远，尽管甘地呼吁大家和平抗议英国的统治，在穆斯林联盟的支持下，“直接行动日”运动在1946年八月16日爆发，在加尔各答超过4000名印度教徒和锡克教徒在这次冲突中丧命。这一暴动触发了“长刀周”印度各地的暴行，穆斯林和印度教双方都有数百人伤亡。

二战印度老兵

Indian Independence Act of 19471947年印度独立法案

In February 1947, the British government announced that India would be granted independence by June 1948. Viceroy for India Louis Mountbatten (1900–1979) pleaded with the Hindu and Muslim leaders to agree to form a united country, but they could not. Only Gandhi supported Mountbatten's position. With the country descending further into chaos, Mountbatten reluctantly agreed to the formation of two separate states.

1947年二月，英国政府宣布印度将于1948年六月独立。印度总督蒙巴顿向印度教和穆斯林联盟领导人呼吁成立一个统一的国家，但他们都不同意。只有甘地支持蒙巴顿的立场。随着印度越来越乱，蒙巴顿只好同意成立两个独立的国家。

Mountbatten proposed that the new state of Pakistan would be created from the Muslim-majority provinces of Baluchistan and Sindh, and the two contested provinces of Punjab and Bengal would be halved, creating a Hindu Bengal and Punjab, and Muslim Bengal and Punjab. The plan gained agreement from the Muslim League and the INC, and it was announced on June 3, 1947. The date for independence was moved up to Aug. 15, 1947, and all that was left was "fine-tuning," determining the physical border separating the two new states.

蒙巴顿建议，穆斯林占优势的俾路支省和信德省将划归巴基斯坦，两派争夺激烈的孟加拉和旁遮普省将一分为二，他的提议得到了两派的认可，该方案于1947年六月三日正式确定。独立日期被提前到了1947年八月十五日。剩下的工作只需要将两国的地理边界进行微调就行了。

Difficulties of Separation分家产生的困难

With the decision in favor of partition made, the parties next faced this nearly impossible task of fixing a border between the new states. The Muslims occupied two main regions in the north on opposite sides of the country, separated by a majority-Hindu section. In addition, throughout most of northern India, members of the two religions were mixed together—not to mention populations of Sikhs, Christians, and other minority faiths. The Sikhs campaigned for a nation of their own, but their appeal was denied.

随着分家的决议逐渐确定，两派遇到的最大的困难是如何确定两个的边界。因为巴基斯坦的两块地盘中间隔着一个印度教徒占主导地位的地区。印度的北部还夹杂着大量的锡克教徒、基督徒和一些其他宗教信仰的民众。锡克教徒同样想要建立一个独立的国家，但他们的请求被很快压制了。

In the wealthy and fertile region of Punjab, the problem was extreme, with a nearly even mixture of Hindus and Muslims. Neither side wanted to relinquish this valuable land, and sectarian hatred ran high.

在富裕而又肥沃的旁遮普，问题更加严重，因为穆斯林教徒和印度教徒人数相当，任何一方都不愿放弃这块沃土，这个地区的宗派斗争最为强烈。

印巴分治产生的难民运动

The Radcliffe Line拉德克里夫线

To identify the final or "real" border, Mountbatten established a Boundary Commission under the chairmanship of Cyril Radcliffe (1899–1977), a British judge and rank outsider. Radcliffe arrived in India on July 8 and published the demarcation line a mere six weeks later on August 17. Punjabi and Bengali legislators were to have a chance to vote on a potential split of the provinces, and a plebiscite for or against joining Pakistan would be necessary for the North-West Frontier Province.

为了最后确定两国的实质边境，蒙巴顿成立了边界工作委员会，并任命希利尔·拉德克里夫（英国一名不起眼的律师）为委员长。拉德克里夫七月八日抵达印度，仅仅六周的时间，他就公布了两国的界限。旁遮普和孟加拉的立法者被给予投票决定边界的权利，印度的西北边境地区也采取投票表决的方式决定是否加入巴基斯坦。

Radcliffe was given five weeks to complete the demarcation. He had no background in Indian affairs, nor did he have any prior experience in adjudicating such disputes. He was a "confident amateur" .

拉德克里夫被给予五周的时间来完成订界工作，他在印度没有任何背景，也没有任何在印度的工作经验。他是一名“自大的门外汉”。

Jinnah had proposed a single commission made up of three impartial persons; but Nehru suggested two commissions, one for Bengal and one for Punjab. They would each be made up of an independent chairman, and two people nominated by the Muslim League and two by the INC. Radcliffe served as both chairs: his job was to put together a rough-and-ready plan for dividing each province as soon as possible, with the fine details to be resolved later.

真纳建议成立一个有三人组成的委员会，但尼鲁提议建立两个委员会，一个孟加拉委员会一个旁遮普委员会。每个委员会由一名单独的主席主持，然后两派各派两名成员参加。拉德克雷夫成为了两个委员会的主席，他任务是随便起草个方案让订界工作尽快结束，任何不完美的地方，留给两派日后处理。

On Aug. 14, 1947, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was founded. The following day, the Republic of India was established to the south. On Aug. 17, 1947, Radcliffe's award was published.

1947年八月14日，巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国成立，第二天印度共和国成立。1947年八月17日，拉德克里夫的裁定正式公布。

The Award拉德克里夫裁定

The Radcliffe line drew the border right down the middle of Punjab province, between Lahore and Amritsar. The award gave West Bengal an area of some 28,000 square miles, containing a population of 21 million people, of whom about 29 percent were Muslims. East Bengal got 49,000 square miles with a population of 39 million, of whom 29 percent were Hindu. In essence, the award created two states in which the ratio of the minority population was almost identical.

拉德克里夫线直接将旁遮普省从中间一分为二，裁定给予西孟加拉28000平方英里，包含两千一百万人口，其中29%是穆斯林。东孟加拉拥有49000平方英里，包含3900万人口，其中29%是印度教徒。本质上来看，两片地区的人口组成是一致的。

When the reality of the Partition hit home, residents who found themselves on the wrong side of the Radcliffe line felt extreme confusion and dismay. Worse still, most people did not have access to the printed document, and they simply did not know their immediate future. For more than a year after the award was made, rumors spread through the border communities that they would wake up to find the borders had changed again.

当分家的影响波及到了百姓的身上，人们发现自己被划分入了错误的地区，恐慌和愤怒的气氛开始蔓延。更为糟糕的是，大部分民众并不知道裁定的内容，他们完全不知道自己面临的是何种处境。裁定生效的一年后，边境地区的谣传：当你一觉醒来，边界线又会发生变化。

Post-Partition Violence分家后的暴力活动

On both sides, people scrambled to get onto the "right" side of the border or were driven from their homes by their erstwhile neighbors. At least 10 million people fled north or south, depending on their faith, and more than 500,000 were killed in the melee. Trains full of refugees were set upon by militants from both sides, and the passengers massacred.

边界地区的人们争相前往“正确”的地区，或被邻居赶往“正确”的地区，这样的事情在两边都有发生。根据不同的宗教信仰，至少有一千万群众前往南方或者北方，混乱中至少有五十万难民丧命，满载难民的列车被双方的武装人员攻击，列车上的乘客惨遭屠杀。

Aftermath of Partition印巴分家的后续影响

According to historian Chatterji, the new border ruptured agricultural communities and divided towns from the hinterlands that they had habitually relied on to supply their needs. Markets were lost and had to be reintegrated or reinvented; supply railheads were separated, as were families. The result was messy, with cross-border smuggling emerging as a thriving enterprise and an increased military presence on both sides.

根据历史学家嘉特吉所言,新的边界破坏了原本依靠农业自给自足的社区，原本的市场交易被破坏，新的生活和秩序需要重新建立与整合；农业供应的龙头被一分为二，家庭成员失散东西。结果是令人沮丧的，边界地区人贩子活动盛行，武装对势的现象加剧。

On Jan. 30, 1948, Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a young Hindu radical for his support of a multi-religious state. Separately from India's partition, Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gained independence in 1948; Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971.

1948年一月三十日，甘地因为呼吁印度统一而被年轻激进的印度教徒刺杀。与印巴分治命运不同的是，缅甸和斯里兰卡在1948年宣告独立，孟加拉与1971年从巴基斯坦分离独立。

Since August 1947, India and Pakistan have fought three major wars and one minor war over territorial disputes.

从1947年八月开始，因为领土纠纷，印度和巴基斯坦打了三场大的战争和一次小规模冲突。

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参考文献

Wikipedia:Partition of India

BBC UK:The Partition of India: What happened?

Kallie Szczepanski:What Was the Partition of India?